CRANIOLOGY OF THE PEOPLE OF SCOTLAND. 551 



minimum 131, and the mean 136 '3 mm. Of eleven male skulls the maximum 

 horizontal circumference was 560 mm., the minimum 505 mm., and the mean 5359 

 mm.; of three females the maximum was 515, the minimum 497, and the mean 

 504 mm. The maximum intracranial capacity in seven males was 1636 c.c, the 

 minimum 1380 c.c, and the mean 1508 c.c. : two females were respectively 1182 and 

 1275 c.c. 



Some of the crania exhibited individual peculiarities which require to be noted. In 

 several males the inion and superior curved occipital lines were very distinct, but the 

 temporal ridges were only moderate. Two female crania possessed an epipteric bone 

 or bones in each pterion, and in a third an epipteric was present only in the right 

 pterion. The ali-sphenoido-parietal articulation was usually wide, though occasionally it 

 was attenuated. In one skull the right squamous-temporal articulated with the frontal. 

 In six specimens a small Wormian bone, or bones, was present in the lambdoidal 

 suture. In one skull the right external pterygoid plate was sutured with a bony plate 

 from the spine of the sphenoid, and enclosed a large pterygo-spinous foramen, and in 

 another specimen these two processes were almost united with each other on the right 

 side. Two crania possessed rudimentary paramastoid processes, but no specimen had a 

 third occipital condyle. Indications of an infraorbital suture in process of obliteration 

 were seen in some of the skulls. 



I shall now pass to the consideration of the indices obtained by a comparison with 

 each other of two diameters. In eleven male crania the length -breadth or cephalic 

 index presented a range of variation from a maximum of 85*2 to a minimum of 75*5, the 

 mean being 81*1. No skull was below 75, but one was 75 '5 and another 76 ; three 

 ranged from 7 8 '2 to 79*7 ; six were very distinctly brachycephalic, ranging from 83 "1 to 

 85 - 2. The three female crania ranged from 74*4 to 797, with a mean of 77'3 ; two 

 were mesaticephalic, and one was near the higher limit of the dolichocephalic group. 



The length-height or vertical index ranged in ten males from 67*4 to 7 4 "9 and the 



So o 



mean was 70'5. In two females the mean index was 68"3. In the females the 

 height was not only absolutely less than in the males, but it was also less in relation to 

 the length of the skull, so that the mean vertical index was less than the mean cephalic 

 index. In every specimen, indeed, in which both the height and breadth could be 

 measured, the breadth of the cranium materially exceeded the height. The crania 

 were in the mean, tapeinocephalic (chamsecephalic), and only two specimens were 

 metriocephalic* 



The projection of the upper jaw, as estimated by the gnathic index, ranged in nine 

 males from 907 to 101 ; only three specimens were mesognathous and the rest were 

 orthognathous. 



In one female this index was 967, the mean was orthognathous, and only three 

 specimens were mesognathous. 



* I continue to use this term in preference to orthocephalic, as recommended by the German craniologists in the 

 Frankfurt agreement, for the reasons given in my Challenger Report, 1884, note, p. 5. 



