CRANIOLOGY OF THE PEOPLE OF SCOTLAND. 555 



Norma verticalis. — The skulls were well filled, and were not keeled or ridged in the 

 sagittal region. The majority were so broadly ovoid as to be rounded in outline, and 

 obviously of brachy cephalic proportions. The parietal eminences in a few cases pro- 

 jected, but, as a rule, they had no special prominence, and the vault of the skull sloped 

 gently downwards and outwards from the sagittal suture to the parietal eminence. The 

 side walls were not vertical. The four specimens in which zygomatic arches were 

 present were cryptozygous, and the interzygomatic diameter exceeded the intermalar, 

 Stephanie and asterionic ; except in one skull, the Stephanie diameter exceeded the 

 asterionic. 



Noi-ma lateralis. — The glabella and supraorbital ridges were, as a rule, moderately 

 prominent in the male skulls, but in two specimens they were more strongly marked.. 

 The forehead had a gentle slope backwards ; the vertex was, as a rule, flattened ; the 

 curve from the postero-parietal into the occipital regions was usually gradual, but in two 

 instances it was much more abrupt ; the occipital squama above the superior curved line 

 did not as a rule project much behind the inion. Four specimens sufficiently perfect to 

 be tested rested behind on the conceptacula cerebelli. The nasal bones when present 

 were prominent, and the bridge slightly concave ; but in a female skull they were small 

 and flattened below the fronto-nasal suture. The maxillo-nasal spine was moderately 

 prominent, and the floor of the nose was separated from the incisive region by a sharp 

 ridge. The maximum longitudinal arc in the males was 380 mm., the minimum 

 was 345, and the mean of nine specimens was 366 mm. The occipital arc was always 

 shorter than either the frontal or parietal, but the frontal arc in some exceeded the 

 parietal, whilst in others the reverse was seen. The basi-nasal diameter could be taken 

 in only a few skulls; the maximum was 104 mm., the minimum 95 mm., and the 

 mean of six specimens was 99 - 8. 



The maximum transverse diameter was near the squamous suture ; in the male 

 skulls it was 159 mm., and the minimum was 137 mm., whilst the mean was 147 ; in 

 two females the maximum was 144, the minimum 136. The maximum glabello- 

 occipital length in the ten male skulls was 194 mm., the minimum 175, whilst the 

 mean was 183 mm. The basi-bregmatic height was measured in six specimens ; in five, 

 presumably males, it ranged from 121 to 135 mm. ; whilst another, possibly a female, 

 was 123 mm. The horizontal circumference had a maximum of 550 mm. and a 

 minimum of 500, whilst the mean of seven males was 525 mm. The maximum 

 vertical transverse circumference in the males was 481 mm., the minimum was 426 

 mm., and the mean of five males was 442 - 6 mm. The maximum longitudinal circum- 

 ference in three males was 503 mm., the minimum 494, and the mean was 498 mm. 



Few individual peculiarities were found in these crania. In one specimen the 

 right squamous- temporal articulated at the pterion directly with the frontal ; there 

 were no epipteric bones. In one specimen Wormian bones were present in the lambdoidal 

 suture; another had a sutural bone in the sagittal suture, 13 mm. behind the bregma. 

 In one skull a vertical transverse depression was behind the coronal suture. No skull 



TRANS. ROY. SOC. EDIN., VOL. XL. PART III. (NO. 24). 4 o 



