CRANIOLOGY OF THE PEOPLE OF SCOTLAND. 563 



more elongated and narrow in proportion to the length ; one had a cephalic index 71 '5, 

 the other 69 "3. Two males and one female, on the other hand, were much wider in 

 proportion to the length, and had a cephalic index between 81 and 82 : in one of these 

 (c) the width of the skull, 157 mm., was strikingly marked, being one of the broadest 

 measured in this investigation. The skulls generally were well filled, the parietal 

 eminences were not protuberant, as a rule no sagittal ridge, and with the vertex rounded 

 in the vertical transverse arc. The side walls were usually not vertical, but were convex 

 in the squamous regions. In the female crania the frontal eminences were moderately 

 prominent. In the few skulls in which it could be measured, the interzygomatic 

 diameter exceeded the intermalar, Stephanie and asterionic. In eight specimens the 

 Stephanie diameter exceeded the asterionic : in four the reverse was the case : in two 

 they were equal : with one exception the greatest breadth was in the squamous region. 

 The crania were cryptozygous. In one skull the occipital longitudinal arc was the 

 longest, in one the parietal was the shortest, in three it was the longest, but in the 

 greater number the frontal arc was the longest. 



Norma lateralis. — In the female skulls the forehead approached the vertical. Tn 

 the males it receded somewhat, and the glabella and supraorbital ridges were dis- 

 tinctly marked. In the skulls generally, the slope in the parieto-occipital region was 

 moderate, but in the specimens whose proportions were brachycephalic it was more 

 abrupt, and in the skull d (cephalic index 81*7) the occipital squama did not project behind 

 the inion, and had a slope upwards and forwards not unlike that seen in the well known 

 Neanderthal skull. Most of the skulls rested behind on the conceptacula cerebelli. 

 The nasal bones were well formed, as a rule moderately projecting, but in h more 

 strongly so, and the bridge usually was slightly concave upwards. Except where the 

 glabella was most marked, the nasion was not depressed. As a rule the maxillo-nasal 

 spine was well seen, and a sharp edge separated the floor of the nose from the incisive 

 surface of the superior maxilla. The crania were remarkably free from sutural bones, 

 which showed themselves but seldom in the lambdoidal suture as small denticles ; two 

 specimens had small epipteric bones in the pterion. On the right side of b 

 the squamous-temporal articulated by a broad tongue directly with the frontal, an 

 arrangement which was obviously due to the fusion of a large epipteric bone with the 

 squamous-temporal. There was considerable variety in the breadth of the alisphenoido- 

 parietal articulation. No third condyle or par-occipital process was seen, but the jugal 

 process was frequently tuberculated. The infraorbital suture had disappeared. 



Six of these crania were 190 mm. or upwards in glabello-occipital diameter, and one 

 reached 200 mm. Eight exceeded 140 mm. in greatest breadth, and of these three were 

 150 mm. or upwards. Six crania had the cephalic index below 75, were dolichocephalic ; 

 three were between 75 and 76"9, approximating to the dolichocephalic numerical 

 standard; three were above 80, brachycephalic, and two were 77*5 and 78 "1 respect- 

 ively, i.e. approximating to the brachycephalic group. The lowest vertical index was 

 64, and the highest was 73'2, and in each skull this index was less than the cephalic. 



TRANS. ROY. SOC. EDIN., VOL. XL. PART III. (NO. 24). 4p 



