CRANIOLOGY OF THE PEOPLE OF SCOTLAND. 56 



sutures of the vault were to a large extent obliterated. Three were edentulous or 

 nearly so. In several the facial bones were broken away and the condition of the 

 teeth could not be ascertained. Wormian bones were present in eleven crania in the 

 lambdoidal suture ; one had a fontanelle bone behind the bregma. Two crania had 

 epipteric bones on both sides; four on one side only. One had a normal left pterion, 

 but on the right side a broad tongue-like process of the squamous-temporal articulated 

 with the frontal bone. No skull had a third occipital condyle or a par-occipital process, 

 though occasionally the jugal process was tuberculated on its under surface ; a complete 

 pterygo-spinous foramen was not present, but in one specimen a process from the 

 external pterygoid almost reached the spine of the sphenoid. 



In five male crania the glabella and supraorbital ridges were well marked, but in the 

 others they were moderate. The forehead as a rule had only a slight backward slope. 

 The vertex was not ridged in the sagittal region, and in the majority the slope outwards 

 to the parietal eminences was not steep, and the skulls had a well filled appearance. 

 Many of the specimens sloped rapidly downwards and backwards in the parieto-occipital 

 region, and in these crania the norma verticalis had a broadly ovoid outline. In others 

 again the curve was much longer and the skulls were elongated and ovoid. In the 

 hyperdolichocephalic skull, H.T. 406, the occipital squama projected considerably behind 

 the inion and superior curved line. H.T. 32 and 412, which I have regarded as 

 female skulls, showed a broad transverse depression immediately behind the coronal 

 suture, probably produced by wearing a band across the head during infancy and early 

 childhood. 



More than one half of the skulls possessed considerable breadth both absolutely and 

 relatively to the length, and eighteen crania had a length-breadth index of 77 '5 and 

 upwards. In eight of these the index was upwards of 80 and in two was above 85, i.e., 

 hyperbrachycephalic. These crania were therefore either brachycephalic or in the 

 highest term of the mesaticephalic group, and this character was shown not only by their 

 numerical proportions but by their general configuration. 



Seven crania had a length-breadth index below 75, one of which was as low as 69 '8, 

 whilst six skulls ranged from 75 to 7 7 '4. Less than one half were dolichocephalic, or in 

 the lower term of the mesaticephalic series, and of these one was hyperdolichocephalic. 



The vertical index in one skull was the same as the cephalic index ; in the others it 

 was less, and in many instances considerably below it. The highest vertical index was 

 76*0, and the cephalic index of the same skull was 8 5 "4. The lowest vertical index was 

 64*8, and the cephalic index of the same skull was 69 '8. Eleven crania had the vertical 

 index below 70 and were therefore chamsecephalic ; two were above 75, hypsicephalic ; 

 twelve were between 70 and 75, metriocephalic. 



In seven crania the occipital arc was longer than the parietal, in one it was longer 

 than the frontal : in twenty-two the frontal arc was longer than the parietal, but in nine 

 the proportion was reversed. The mean horizontal circumference in the males was 520 

 mm., in the females 502 mm. : the mean vertical transverse circumference in the males 



