594 PROFESSOR SIR WILLIAM TURNER ON 



accuracy which I have had since that date has added to my confidence in the method as 

 giving a close approximation to the real capacity, and not an exaggerated statement of 

 the cubage, such as is obtained by the well-known method of Paul Broca. 



Speaking generally, and subject of course to occasional exceptions, we may say that 

 the Scottish cranium is large and capacious ; the vertex is seldom keeled or roof-like, but 

 has a low rounded arch in the vertical transverse plane at and behind the bregma, and 

 with a gentle slope from the sagittal suture to the parietal eminences. The side walls 

 are not vertical, and bulge slightly outwards in the parieto-squamous region, so that the 

 greatest breadth is usually at or near the squamous suture. The occipital squama 

 bulges behind the inion, and the slope from the obelion is downwards and backwards, 

 so as to give in the norma verticalis an obliquely flattened character to the postparietal 

 region, but without occasioning a vertical parieto-occipita] flattening such as is found 

 in many normal brachycephalic crania, or in those in which artificial compression ia 

 employed in infancy. Owing to the width in the parieto-squamous region and the pro- 

 jecting occipital squama (probole) in many crania, their outline is more or less pentagonal, 

 the frontal region forming one boundary, the sides of the cranium as far back as the 

 parietal eminences forming two others, and the remaining two sides are the walls from 

 the parietal eminences to the most projecting part of the occiput. In men the 

 glabella and supraorbital ridges are fairly but not strongly pronounced, the forehead 

 only slightly recedes from the vertical plane, and the nasion is scarcely depressed. 



Length.- — The glabello-occipital or maximum length was measured in one hundred 

 and seventy-six crania, viz., one hundred and seventeen men and fifty-nine women. In 

 the men the longest skull was 204 mm., and eight were 200 mm. and upwards ; thirty- 

 three were from 190 to 199 mm., so that nearly one-fourth of these crania were above 190 

 mm. in greatest length. The shortest skull in the men was 167 mm., and only sixteen 

 crania were below 180 mm. in their greatest length. The longest skull in the women 

 was 193 mm., and only three crania were 190 mm. and upwards; the shortest woman's 

 skull was 1G1 mm. ; and eight crania were below 170 mm. The mean length of the 

 male crania was 186'6 mm., that of the female crania was 178*7 mm. 



The projection of the glabella was not, even when most prominent, equal to 

 what one sees in the long skulls of so many Australian and other black people, and 

 consequently the length of the Scottish skull indicated a cranial cavity and a brain 

 longer than existed in the dolichocephalic black races. Owing, however, to the depth 

 of the frontal sinuses and the thickness of the frontal and occipital bones the cranial 

 length from the glabella to the occipital point is appreciably greater, especially in the 

 male sex, than the long diameter of the cerebrum. In order to eliminate the frontal 

 sinus with the consequent projection of the glabella from the comparison, and to 

 associate the length of the skull more closely with the length of the cranial cavity 

 and the cerebrum, it was suggested by Dr Rolleston * that the point to be selected 

 in front for taking the cranial length should be the ophryon, a point immediately above 



* In Greenwell's British Burrows, p. 506, 1877, and in vol. i. Scientific Papers and Addresses, edited by W. Turner. 



