598 PROFESSOR SIR WILLIAM TURNER ON 



same as that of the Burmese. The length ranged from 167 to 193 mm., and the mean 

 was 180 '3 mm. ; the breadth ranged from 1 40 to 159 mm., and the mean was 150 mm. 

 The mean length of the Scottish brachycephalic crania exceeded, therefore, by several 

 millimetres the length of the brachycephalic Burmese and Sandwich Islanders. The 

 greater length in the Scottish brachycephali was associated with a backward pro- 

 jection of the occipital squama, which contrasted with the almost vertical post-parieto- 

 occipital region in the Burmese, Siamese and brachycephalic Sandwich Islanders. For 

 the production of a high index in skulls of this type, the breadth required to be 

 proportionately increased, and the Scottish brachycephalic crania both in length and 

 breadth were larger and more capacious than the brachycephalic Burmese and Sandwich 

 Islanders. 



Height. — The distance from the basion to the bregma was taken as expressing the 

 height of the cranium, and it was measured in one hundred and fifty specimens, 

 ninety-eight of which were males and fifty-two females. In the men the highest skull 

 was 145 mm. ; fifteen skulls were between 140 and 145, fifty between 130 and 140, and 

 thirty-four below 130, the lowest being only 117 mm. in height. The mean height 

 of the male skulls was 132*4 mm. In the women the highest skull was 140 mm., the 

 lowest was 118 mm., and the mean was 126. If we compare the height of the male 

 Scottish crania with that of the male Burmese already referred to, we find that the 

 mean height in the latter people was 135 mm., a somewhat greater figure than in the 

 Scottish specimens. 



Vertical Index. — This index expresses the relation which the basi-bregmatic height 

 bears to the maximum length, which is regarded as = 100, and is computed by the formula 



basi-bregmatic height X 100 



maximum length 



The index was obtained in one hundred and fifty crania, ninety-eight of which were 

 men and fifty-two women. It was subject to a great range of variation, from 63'7 

 to 79*4. The mean vertical index in the men was 70"9, in the women 70'5 ; both were 

 metriocephaiic,* and the sexual difference was very slight, though slightly in favour of 

 the men. The number of skulls with vertical index 75 and upwards was seventeen ; 

 thus a small proportion only were hypsicephalic or high skulls ; sixty-five crania on 

 the other hand had the vertical index below 70, i.e., were low skulls, chamsecephalic 

 or tapeinocephalic ; the remainder had the index between 70 and 75 and were metrio- 

 cephaiic, which, as above stated, was the mean of the entire series. 



Breadth- Height Index. — The relations of the length to the breadth and to the 

 height of the cranium have long been recognised as important subjects of investigation 



* I prefer, for the reasons stated in my Challenger Report, 1884, to employ the descriptive term metriocephaiic 

 rather than orthocephalic, as recommended by the German craniologists in the Frankfurt agreement (Archiv fur 

 Anthropologie, Bd. xv. p. 1, 1884). In this memoir I have, however, adopted the numerical subdivision of the 

 group which they have suggested, viz., chamaecephalic up to 70, metriocephaiic (orthocephalic) 70 - l-75 ; hypsicephalic, 

 75J and upwards. 



