CRANIOLOGY OF THE PEOPLE OF SCOTLAND. 599 



in the study of the racial characters of skulls, but the relations of the breadth and height 

 to each other have not had an equal attention given to them. 



In my Challenger Report (1884) I pointed out that in the brachycephalic crania 

 from New Guinea and other Pacific Islands, the breadth was as a rule greater than 

 the height, whilst in the dolichocephalic Papuans the opposite condition prevailed. In 

 subsequent memoirs, more especially those on Indian craniology, I called attention to the 

 relations of these diameters in several Asiatic races. In his work on the accessory sinuses 

 of the nose already quoted, A. Logan Turner has recorded the proportion of breadth 

 to height in a large number of crania, European and exotic. 



In order to express numerically the relations of the breadth and height of the cranium 

 to each other, an index may be computed by the following formula : 



basi-breguiatic height x 100 , 

 parieto-squamous breadth 



the breadth being regarded as 100. The data for obtaining the index exists in the Tables. 



When the index exceeds 100, the height is greater than the breadth, and the skull is 

 hypsistenocephalic* i.e. a high narrow skull : when the index is less than 100, the breadth 

 is greater than the height and the skull is platychamcecephalic, i.e. a wide low skull. 



From the measurements which I have made of the breadth and height of the cranium 

 in many races of men, I have ascertained that in some the height usually exceeded the 

 breadth, whilst in others the breadth exceeded the height.t In well-pronounced dolicho- 

 cephalic races like the Esquimaux, the Melanesians, the Dravidians, Veddahs and the 

 Australians generally, as a rule the height was greater than the breadth, and the crania 

 were hypsistenocephalic. In the brachycephalic crania of the Burmese, Siamese, Chinese, 

 Andaman Islanders, and brown Polynesians, on the other hand, the breadth as a rule 

 was greater than the height and the crania were platychamsecephalic. 



In the series of one hundred and fifty Scottish crania in which both the breadth 

 and height were measured, in only two skulls was the height greater than the breadth, 

 and in four others they were equal. In all the rest, whether the cephalic index was 

 high or low, the vertical diameter was less than the breadth. A striking feature of the 

 Scottish crania, therefore, was the preponderance of the cephalic index over the vertical 

 index, notwithstanding the considerable number of dolichocephalic skulls in the series, 

 and in this respect the crania favoured the brachycephalic rather than the dolichocephalic 

 type. The Scottish skulls are platychamsecephalic. 



Horizontal Circumference. — This measurement was taken in one hundred and 

 "sixty-three skulls, one hundred and eight of which were males and fifty-five females. 



* Dr Barnard Davis introduced the term hypsistenocephalic to designate the high, narrow dolichocephalic crania 

 of natives of islands in the Western Pacific (Natuurkundige Verhandelingen, Deel. xxiv., Haarlem, 1866), and I 

 propose that it should have a more general application, as in the text. The term platychamsecephalic is now 

 suggested to designate wide and low crania. 



t See my memoir in Challenger Report, 1884 ; also on New Guinea Skulls in Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, July 1899, 

 and on Indian Crania in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 1899 and 1901. 



