600 PROFESSOR SIR WILLIAM TURNER ON 



The maximum male skull was 572 mm., the minimum was 490 mm., and the mean was 

 531 mm. The maximum female skull was 550 mm., the minimum was 470 mm., and 

 the mean was 506 mm. 



Vertical Transverse Circumference. — This measurement was made in one hundred 

 and fifty -three skulls, of which one hundred and three were males and fifty were 

 females. The maximum male skull was 464 mm., the minimum was 398 mm., and the 

 mean was 434 mm. The maximum female skull was 459 mm., the minimum was 381 

 mm., and the mean was 409 '6 mm. 



Total Longitudinal Circumference. — This dimension was taken in one hundred and 

 thirty-nine crania, of which ninety-six were males and forty-three were females. The 

 maximum male skull was 559 mm., the minimum was 468 mm., and the mean was 513*2 

 mm. The maximum female skull was 537 mm., the minimum was 441 mm., and the mean 

 was 488 '8 mm. The high longitudinal circumference was found in those skulls in which 

 the glabello-occipital length was 200 mm. or approaching thereto, whilst in the skulls in 

 which this diameter was small the longitudinal circumference was relatively low.- 



The total longitudinal arc was much the most important factor in this measurement, 

 and the skulls were sufficiently numerous to enable me to ascertain the relative lengths 

 of the frontal, parietal and occipital arcs, which collectively form the total longitudinal 

 arc. In the series of skulls in which the arcs were measured, it was found that the 

 occipital arc in thirteen specimens was greater than the frontal and in one hundred and 

 thirty-one it was less : in twenty-six it was greater than the parietal and in one 

 hundred and twelve it was less. It is the rule, therefore, for the frontal and parietal 

 longitudinal arcs to exceed the occipital, though exceptions to the rule occur in 

 recognisable numbers. The relative arcs of the frontal and parietal bones were 

 measured in one hundred and fifty-eight crania ; in ninety-six the frontal arc was 

 longer than the parietal, in fifty-five the parietal was longer than the frontal, and in 

 seven they were equal. It is obvious, therefore, that as so much variation occurs in the 

 relative length of the longitudinal arcs, they have no appreciable value as race 

 characters in the Scottish skulls, and the variation occurred in both the bra chy cephalic 

 and dolichocephalic types. The longest occipital arc was 139 mm., the shortest 94 

 mm. ; the longest frontal arc was 148 mm., the shortest 1 11 mm. ; the longest parietal 

 arc was 148 mm., the shortest 102 mm. # 



From a comparison of the three circumferential measurements it will be seen that 

 the horizontal circumference is the greatest, for it includes both the glabello-occipital 

 and parieto-squamous diameters, which are the longest diameters in the Scottish 

 crania. The vertical transverse circumference, again, is the shortest, as the basi- 

 bregmatic diameter is the shortest of the three dimensions in the Scottish crania. 

 The total longitudinal circumference ranks intermediate, for it includes only one of the 

 two lono-er diameters. 



Cubic Capacity. — The internal capacity of the cranium was taken with shot in 



* For the relations of the longitudinal arc to the base line of the cranium, see p. 610. 



