CRANIOLOGY OF THE PEOPLE OF SCOTLAND. 601 



accordance with the method which I described in 1884. # One hundred and fifteen 

 crania were cubed ; seventy-three were males and forty-two were females. The 

 maximum capacity in the male skulls was 1855 c.c, the minimum was 1230 c.c, and 

 the mean was 1478 c.c. Thirty-three skulls were more than 1500 c.c, and of 

 these seven were 1700 and upwards, nine were between 1600 and 1700, seventeen 

 were between 1500 and 1600; further, twenty-two were between 1400 and 1500, 

 sixteen were between 1300 and 1400, and four were below 1300 c.c. The maximum 

 capacity in the female was 1625 c.c, the minimum was 1100, and the mean was 

 1322 c.c. Only three female skulls were above 1500 c.c, eight were between 1400 

 and 1500, sixteen were between 1300 and 1400, eighteen were below 1300, and of 

 these six were below 1200 c.c The general result approximates to what has been 

 observed in the crania of other races and peoples, that the female skull is about 10 per 

 cent, less capacious than the male. If I had employed Broca's method, by which the 

 cubic contents of so many races have been taken by anthropologists in France and 

 elsewhere, the average for both sexes would have been considerably higher. It 

 is possible, however, from the Tables compiled by E. ScHMiDT,t to state the cubic 

 contents of the Scottish crania approximately in the terms of Broca's method, 

 according to which the mean capacity of the males would have been about 

 1570 c.c. and that of the females about 1400 c.c. The Scottish male skull there- 

 fore is, according to Broca's method of cubage, somewhat in excess of the mean 

 1500 c.c. ascribed to the crania of European men. 



In twenty-five dolichocephalic crania the mean capacity was 1516 c.c, and in 

 twenty-one crania approximating to the dolichocephali in which the cephalic index was 

 from 75 to 77 '4 the mean capacity was 1519 c.c In thirteen brachycephalic skulls the 

 mean capacity was 1469 c.c, and in fifteen, in which the cephalic index ranged from 77 "5 

 to 79 '9, the mean capacity was 1452 c.c. A claim has been made by people whose crania 

 have brachycephalic proportions that a brachycephalic head is higher in its type than 

 a dolichocephalic. So far as the quality of type is expressed by the amount of cranial 

 capacity, the skulls of the people of Scotland do not sustain this claim, as those with 

 dolichocephalic proportions had a distinctly greater mean capacity than the brachycephali. 



In addition to these more general statements, the Tables enable us to form some 

 estimate of the existence of differences in the capacity of skulls from various districts of 

 Scotland, though in many localities the number measured was too small on which to 

 generalise. In the male skulls from Fife, Mid-Lothian, Shetland and Renfrewshire, the 

 average in each group was, according to my measurements, somewhat more than ] 500 

 c.c. ; in East Lothian and Wigtonshire it was slightly lower than 1500 ; in the skulls 

 from Edinburgh and Leith, West Lothian, the North-Eastern Counties, the Highland 

 Counties and the Dissecting-room, the mean again was still lower. In making this 

 statement I do not draw any inference that the difference in cranial capacity had a 



* Challenger Reports, " Zoology," part xxix., 1884. 



t Archivfiir Anthropologie, supplement, vol. xiii. p. 53, 1882. 



