604 PROFESSOR SIR WILLIAM TURNER ON 



In eighty-four male skulls the height ranged from 60 mm. to 46 mm., and the mean 

 was 53 "5 mm. ; in thirty-eight females the range was from 57 mm. to 44 mm., and the 

 mean was 49 - 9 mm. In eighty-two males the nasal width ranged from 28 mm. to 19 

 mm., and the mean was 23*1 mm. In thirty-five females the range was from 26 mm. 

 to 19 mm. with a mean of 22*1 mm. The nasal index expresses the numerical relation 

 between the width and height, and is computed as follows, the height being = 100 : 



nasal width x 100 



nasal height 



The index was obtained in one hundred and twenty-three specimens, eighty-one males 

 and forty-two females. It ranged from 55 "3 to 34*5 ; the mean was 42 '5, and with few 

 exceptions the height was more than twice the width. If with Broca and Flower we 

 regard all skulls in which the nasal index is 53 and upwards as platyrhine, i.e. with 

 the pyriform aperture wide in relation to the height of the nose, only four specimens 

 exhibited this character. On the other hand, in ninety-three skulls the anterior nares 

 were narrow and elongated, and the nasal index below 48 was leptorhine, and in fourteen 

 of these specimens the index was below 40. The remaining twenty-six skulls had the 

 index ranging from 48 to 53 and formed an intermediate or mesorhine group. The occur- 

 rence of wide nostrils in the Scottish face may be regarded therefore as accidental, and due 

 perhaps to intermixture, through an ancestor, of a strain of some race in which a platy- 

 rhine nose was an ethnic character. The four platyrhine specimens were one in each of 

 the East Lothian, Mid-Lothian, Highland and Dissecting-room groups. The customary 

 form of nose in Scotland is long, relatively narrow, with a well-marked bridge, and 

 projecting so that the type of face is prosopic, which means that the nose distinctly 

 projects beyond a line drawn between the anterior part of the two malar bones. 



Facial Indices. — An important character which has been systematically studied by 

 Kollmann is the relation between the length and breadth of the face in different crania. 

 The length or height of the entire face is measured from the nasion to the lower border 

 of the symphysis menti, whilst the breadth is between the most projecting parts of the 

 two zygomata. In twenty-one male skulls measured, the longest face was 137 mm., the 

 shortest was 104 mm., and the mean was 120*7 mm. ; in six females, the mean length 

 was 108'8. In sixty-eight male skulls the greatest breadth was 144 mm., the least 

 was 117 mm., and the mean was 132*2 mm. In thirty female skulls the greatest 

 breadth was 135 mm., the least was 115 mm., and the mean was 121*5 mm. With 

 one exception, in which the length and breadth were equal, the breadth of the face 

 exceeded the length. 



A complete or nasio-mental facial index can be computed as follows : 



nasio-mental length x 100 

 interzygomatic breadth 



As so frequently happens in craniological collections, the lower jaw had been pre- 

 served in only a small number of the skulls, and the complete facial index could only be 



