606 , PROFESSOR SIR WILLIAM TURNER ON 



chamseprosopic in this more restricted use of that term, and the general type of the face 

 in the Scottish crania is leptoprosopic. 



The facial indices may be grouped as follows : 



Complete facial. 1 Maxillo-facial. 



Leptoprosopic, . . . 90T and upwards, . . . 50*1 and upwards. 



Mesoprosopic, . . . 85 to 90, . . . . . 45 to 50. 



Chamaeprosopic, . . . below 85, .... . below 45. 



1 The complete or nasio-mental facial index corresponds, in the diameters from which the index is computed, 

 with the zygomatic facial index of Kollmann. The maxillo-facial index corresponds with the upper facial index of 

 Kollmann in the points of measurements. 



A low or chamaeprosopic maxillo-facial index necessarily depends on the upper 

 jaw being short, in relation to the breadth of the face, and for the production of a 

 chamaeprosopic complete facial index in both the upper and lower jaws being relatively 

 short. A relatively short upper jaw necessarily also affects both the height of the nose 

 and the height of the orbit, so that one would expect to find a chamaeprosopic face 

 associated with a low and possibly a platyrhine nose and with a low or microseme orbit. 

 The Scottish face is therefore long and narrow in comparison with the broad, squat 

 faces in the Mongolian and some other types of head. In the- Esquimaux, for example, 

 the mean interzygomatic diameter in eighteen males was 138"0 mm., whilst in the 

 Scotsmen it was only 132*2 mm. 



Palato-alveolar or Palato-maxillary Index. — Anthropologists concur in considering 

 that the relations between the length and breadth of the hard palate in the races of men 

 should be enquired into. Broca* and VracHOwt limited the measurements in this 

 region to the hard palate itself, and computed an index which has been named 

 staphylin or palatal. Flower^ modified and improved these measurements by includ- 

 ing the alveolar arch, and computed an index which he termed maxillary. In my 

 Challenger Report^ I suggested that the terms palato-maxillary or palato-alveolar 

 were to be preferred, as expressing more fully the parts measured and the index which 

 is computed from them. The length is taken from the alveolar point to the midpoint 

 of a line drawn between the hinder ends of the alveolar borders, and the width is 

 between the outer part of the alveolar arch opposite the second upper molar tooth. 

 The palato-alveolar length in fifty-five males ranged from 46 to 62 mm., and the 

 mean was 55 '6 mm. ; in twenty-eight females the range was from 45 to 59 mm., 

 with a mean 51 mm. The palato-alveolar breadth in the males ranged from 50 to 

 71 mm., and the mean was 60 '9 ; in the females the range was from 52 to 64 mm., 

 with a mean of 58*3 mm. 



* Instructions craniologiques, p. 77. 



+ Archivfiir Anthropologic, Bd. xv. s. 5, 1884. 



t " Cranial Characters of Fiji Islanders," Journ. Anthrop. Inst., November 1880. 



§ 1884, p. 7, and Journ. Anat. and Phys., vol. xvi. p. 135, October 1881. 



