XxXXvl OUTLINES OF BOTANY. 
ovary or the persistent part of the calyx. If the appendage be a ring of | a 
hairs or scales round the top of the fruit, it is called a pappus. 
156. Fruits are generally divided into swcewlent (including fleshy, pulpy, 
and juzcy fruits) and dry. They are dehiscent when they open at maturity 
to let out the seeds, indehiscent when they do not open spontaneously but 
fall off with the seeds. Succulent fruits are usually indehiscent. 
157. The principal kinds of succulent fruits are 
the Berry, in which the whole substance of the pericarp is fleshy or 
pulpy, with the exception of the outer skin or rind, called the Hpicarp. 
The seeds themselves are usually immersed in the pulp; but in some berries 
the seeds are separated from the pulp by the walls of the cavity or cells of 
the ovary, which form as it were a thin inner skin or rind, called the Endo- 
carp. 
the Dirupe, in which the pericarp, when ripe, consists of two distinct 
portions, an outer succulent one called the Sarcocarp (covered like the 
berry by a skin or epicarp), and an inner dry endocarp called the Putamen, 
which is either cartilaginous (of the consistence of parchment) or hard and 
woody. In the latter case it is commonly called a stone, and the drupe a 
stone-frutt. 
158. The principal kinds of dry fruits are 
the Capsule or Pod,* which is dehiscent. When ripe the pericarp 
usually splits longitudinally into as many or twice as many pieces, called 
valves, as it contains cells or placentas. If these valves separate at the 
line of junction of the carpels, that is, along the line of the placentas or 
dissepiments, either splitting them or leaving them attached to the axis, the 
dehiscence is termed septicidal; if the valves separate between the pla- 
centas or dissepiment, the dehiscence is loculicidal, and the valves either 
bear the placentas or dissepiments along their middle line, or leave them 
attached to the axis. Sometimes also the capsule dischafges its seeds by 
slits, chinks, or pores, more or less regularly arranged, or bursts irregularly, 
or separates into two parts bya horizontal line ; in the latter case it is said 
to be cirewmsciss. 
the Nut or Achene, which is indehiscent and contains but a single seed. 
When the pericarp is thin in proportion to the seed it encloses, the whole 
fruit (or each of its lobes) has the appearance of a single seed, and is so 
called in popular language. If the pericarp is thin and rather loose, it is 
often called an Utricle. A Samara is a nut with a wing at its upper end. 
159. When the carpels of the ovary are distinct (125), they may severally 
become as many distinct berries, drupes, capsules, or achenes. Separate 
earpels are usually more or less compressed laterally, with more or less 
prominent inner and outer edges, called sutures, and, if dehiscent, the 
earpel usually opens at these sutures. A Follicle is a carpel opening at 
the inner suture only. In some cases where the carpels are united in the 
ovary, they will separate when ripe; they are then called Cocct if one- 
seeded. 
160. The peculiar fruits of some of the large Orders have received 
special names, which will be explained under each Order. Such are the 
Stliqua and Silicule of Cruciferee, the Legume of Leguminose, the Pome of 
Pyrus and its allies, the Pepo of Cucurbitacese, the Cone of Coniferee, the 
Grain or > of Gramine, etc. 
*® In English descriptions, pod is more frequently used when it is long and narrow ; 
cata or sometimes pouch, when it is short and thick or broad. 
