OUTLINES OF BOTANY. XXIX 
the two or three lower ones or wader lip. In Orchidee and some other 
families the name of lip, or labellwm, is given to one of the divisions or 
lobes of the perianth. 
personate, when two-lipped, and the orifice of the tube closed by a 
projection from the base of the upper or lower lip, called a palate. 
ringent, when very strongly two-lipped, and the orifice of the tube 
very open. 
spurred, when the tube or the lower part of a petal has a conical 
hollow projection, compared to the spur of a cock; saccate, when the spur 
is short and round like a little bag; gibbous, when projecting at any part 
into a slight swelling. 
resupinate or reversed, When a lip, spur, etc., which in allied species 
is usually lowest, lies uppermost, and vice versa. 
106. The above terms are mostly applied to the forms of monopetalous 
corollas, but several are also applicable to those of polypetalous ones. 
Terms descriptive of the special forms of corolla in certain Natural Orders, 
will be explained under those Orders respectively. 
107. Most of the terms used for describing the forms of leaves (39, 45) 
are also applicable to those of individual petals ; but the flat expanded por- 
tion of a petal, corresponding to the blade of the leaf, is called its lamina, 
and the stalk, corresponding to the petiole, its claw (wnguis). The stalked 
petal is said to be wnguiculate. 
§ 10. Lhe Stamens. 
108. Although in a few cases the outer stamens may gradually pass into 
petals, yet,in general, Stamens are very different in shape and aspect 
from leaves, sepals, or petals. It is only in a theoretical point of view (not 
the less important in the study of the physiological economy of the plant) 
that they can be called altered leaves. 
109. This usual form is a stalk, called the filament, bearing at the top 
an anther divided into two pouches or cells. These anther-cells are filled 
with . pollen, consisting of minute grains, usually forming a yellow dust, 
which, when the flower expands, is scattered from an opening in each cell. 
When the two cells are not closely contiguous, the portion of the anther 
that unites them is called the connectivum. 
110. The filament is often wanting, and the anther sessile, yet still the 
stamen is perfect; but if the anther, which is the essential part of the sta- 
men, is wanting, or does not contain pollen, the stamen is imperfect, and is 
then said to be darren or sterile (without pollen), abortive or rudimentary 
(84), according to the degree to which the imperfection is carried. Imper- 
fect stamens are often called staminodia. 
111. In unsymmetrical flowers, the stamens of each whorl are some- 
times reduced in number below that of the petals, even to a single one, and 
in several Natural Orders they are multiplied indefinitely. 
112. The terms monandrous and polyandrous are restricted to flowers 
which have really but one stamen, or an indefinite number respectively. 
Where several stamens are united into one, the flower is said to be synan- 
drous. 
113. Stamens are 
monadelphous, when united by their filaments into one cluster. This 
cluster either forms a tube round the pistil, or, if the pistil is wanting, 
occupies the centre of the flower. 
