UULLINES OF BOTANY. ie. 
globular or spherical, when corresponding to orbicular in a flat sur- 
face. ound applies to both. 
turbinate, when shaped like a top. 
conical, when tapering upwards ; obconical, when tapering downwards ; 
if in both cases a transverse section shows a circle. 
pyramidul, when tapering upwards; dbpyramidal, when tapering down- 
wards ; if in both cases a transverse section shows a triangle or polygon. 
JSusiform, or spindle-shaped, when tapering at both ends; cylindrical, 
when not tapering at either end; if in both cases the transverse section 
shows a circle, or sometimes irrespective of the transverse shape. 
terete, when the transverse section is not angular; trigonous, trique- 
trous, if the transverse section shows a triangle, irrespective in both cases 
of longitudinal form. 
comypressed, when more. or less flattened laterally; depressed, when 
more or less flattened vertically, or at any rate at the top; obcompressed (in 
the achenes of Composite), when flattened from front to back. 
articulate or jointed, 1f at any period of their growth (usually when 
fully formed and approaching their decay, or in the case of fruits when 
quite ripe) they separate, without tearing, into two or more pieces placed 
end toend, The joints where they separate are called articulations, each 
separate piece an article. The name of joint is, in common language, given 
both to the articulation and the article, but more especially to the former. 
Some modern botanists, however, propose to restrict it to the article, giving 
the name of joining to the articulation. 
didymous, when slightly two-lobed, with rounded obtuse lobes. 
moniliform, or beaded, when much contracted at regular intervals, but 
not separating spcontaneously into articles. 
55. In their consistence Beaves or other organs are 
jleshy, when thick and soft; succulent is generally used in the same 
sense, but implies the presence of more juice. 
coriaceous, when firm and dry, or very tough, of the consistence of 
leather. 
membranous, when thin and not stiff. 
scarious or scariose, when very thin, more or less transparent and not 
green, yet rather stiff. 
56. The terms applied botanically to the consistence of solids are those 
in general use in common language. 
57. The mode in which unexpanded leaves are disposed in the leaf-bud 
is called their vernation or prefoliation ; it varies considerably, and teclni- 
eal terms have been proposed to express some of its varieties, but it has 
been hitherto rarely noticed in Descriptive Botany. 
§ 6. Scales, Bracts and Stipules. 
58. Scales (Squame) are leaves very much reduced in size, usually 
sessile, seldom green or capable of performing the respiratory functions of 
leaves. In other words, they are organs resembling leaves in their position 
on the plant, but differing in size, colour, texture, and functions. They 
are most frequent on the stock of perennial plants, or at the base of annual 
branches, especially on the buds of future shoots, when they serve appa- 
rently to protect the dormant living germ from the rigour of winter. In 
the latter case they are usually short, broad, close together, and more or 
less imbricated, that is, overlapping each other like the tiles of a roof. Itis 
