132 THE ROSE FAMILY. 
divided into 3, and sometimes 2 or 3 small ones along the stalk, all 
coarsely toothed. Flowers yellow, with small spreading petals. Carpels 
in a close, sessile head, covered with silky hairs; the awn about 3 lines 
long, curved downwards, with a minute hook at the tip. 
Under hedges, on roadsides, banks, and margins of woods, common 
in the greater part of Europe and Russian and central Asia, but not a 
high northern plant. Abundant in England, Ireland, and southern 
Scotland, but apparently becoming scarce towards the north. 
2. G. rivale, Linn. (fig. 306). Water A.—Rootstock often shortly 
creeping. Stems erect or ascending, usually simple, shorter than in G. 
urbanum. Leaves mostly radical, with one large, orbicular, terminal 
segment, coarsely toothed or lobed, or sometimes divided into 3, and a 
few very small segments lower down the stalk, all more hairy than in ~ 
G. urbanum. Flowers few, drooping, much larger than in G. urbanum ; 
the petals less spreading, of a dull purplish colour, with a tint of 
orange. Carpels very hairy, in a globular head, which is shortly 
stalked above the calyx. 
In marshes and wet ditches, in Europe, Russian Asia, and northern 
America, extending into the Arctic regions, and almost confined to moun- 
tainous districts in southern Europe. Common in northern England, 
Scotland, and Ireland, but absent in south-western England. Fl. summer. 
Where this and G. urbanum grow together, specimens are occasionally 
found approaching sometimes more nearly to the one, sometimes to the 
other. They have been described as a species under the name of @. 
intermedium, Khrh., but they are more generally believed to be mere 
accidental hybrids between the two species. 
V. RUBUS. RUBUS. 
Herbs, with a perennial stock, or more frequently weak, scrambling, 
prickly shrubs ; the leaves pinnately or palmately divided into distinct 
segments or leaflets, orrarely simply lobed. Calyx free, 5-lobed. Petals 
5. Stamens numerous. Fruit a kind of granulated berry, formed by the 
union of numerous 1-seeded succulent carpels round the conical or shortly 
oblong, dry receptacle. 
A large genus, widely distributed over almost every part of the globe. 
The fruit, analogous in some respects to that of a Mulberry, is sufficient to 
distinguish it at once from all other Rosacew. In the Mulberry, however, 
each granule is formed by a separate flower, whilst in Rubus the whole 
fruit proceeds from a single one. From the Strawberry it differs in that 
the carpels are succulent on a dry receptacle, whilst in the Strawberry the 
carpels are dry, and the receptacle succulent. 
Flowering stems biennial or perennial, woody at least at the 
base, 2 or more feet long. Stipules subulate. 
Lower leaves pinnate, with 5 leaflets. Rootstock creeping . 1. R. deus. 
Leaves of 3 leaflets, or, if of 5, the 4 lower ones ehe ear from 
the same point. 
Branches slender, glaucous. Fruit covered with bluish 
bloom . . A; : : ; . . 2. R. cesius. 
Branches not glaucous. “Fruit black or reddish, without 
bloom . : 3. R. pie sh 
Flowering stems herbaceous, very ‘short, or seldom a foot high. 
Stipules ovate or lanceolate. 
Leaves with 3 leaflets. Flowers small, axillary : . 4 R. saxatilis. : 
Leaves undivided. Flowers large, terminal, solitary ‘ ! BR a 
