Rubus. ] XXVI. ROSACEA. 133 
The Virginian Raspberry, often cultivated in shrubberies, is the 2. odo- 
ratus from North America. A. arcticus, a low plant, with creeping root- 
stock, and short, herbaceous stems, like Rk. Chamemorus, but with 3 
leaflets and pink flowers, has been inserted in our Floras as having been 
found in the Scotch Highlands, but this appears to be a mistake. 
1. R. Ideeus, Linn. (fig. 307). Raspberry.—Rootstock perennial and 
creeping ; the flowering stems biennial, nearly erect, 3 or 4 feet high, 
more or less downy, and armed with weak prickles. Stipules small, 
subulate, often inserted some way up the leafstalk. Leaves pinnate ; 
leaflets 5 in the lower leaves, often 3 only in the upper ones, ovate or oblong, 
pointed, coarsely toothed, ofa light green above and whitish underneath. 
Flowers white, in long panicles at the ends of the short branches. Petals 
narrow and short. Fruit red, sometimes white in cultivation, usually 
separating from the receptacle when ripe. 
In woods throughout Europe and Russian Asia. Generally distributed 
over Britain, but perhaps in some localities escaped from cultivation. 
Fl. spring or early summer. ([R. obtysifolius, Willd., Leesu, Bab., is a 
variety or hybrid with shorter crowded leaflets, found sparsely from 
Dumfries southwards. ] 7 . 
2. R. fruticosus, Linn. (fig. 308). Bramble, Blackberry.—Rootstock 
perennial; without underground creeping shoots; the flowering stems 
biennial, or of few years’ duration, sometimes nearly erect, but more 
frequently arched, straggling or prostrate, often rooting, and forming 
fresh plants at the extremity, usually armed with prickles, either stout 
and hooked or thin and straight, with stiff hairs, or glandular bristles, ora 
_ short down, all variously intermingled or occasionally wanting. Stipules 
subulate or linear, inserted a short way up the leafstalk. Leaflets rather 
large and coarse, either 3 or 5, the 2 or 4 lower ones inserted together at 
some distance below the terminal one, ovate, toothed, more or less downy, 
the midribs as well as the stalks usually armed with small hooked prickles. 
Flowers white or pink, in panicles at the ends of the branches. Fruit 
black, or very rarely dull red, not separating readily from the receptacle, 
the calyx usually turned down under it, seldom closing over it as in R. 
cesius. 
In hedges, thickets, woods, and waste places, over nearly the whole 
of HKurope, Russian and central Asia, and northern Africa, but not a 
high alpine nor an Arctic species. Abundant in Britain. Fl. summer, 
commencing early. It varies considerably, especially in the prickles and 
hairs, and in the shape of the leaflets, and from its propagating so 
readily by its rooting stems, individual variations are often extensively 
multiplied, and acquire an undue importance in the eyes of local 
observers. ‘The consequence has been an excessive multiplication of 
supposed species, both in Britain and on the Continent, although 
scarcely any two writers will be found to agree in the characters and 
limits to be assigned to them. The British Flora (8th edit.) admits 6 
species, but for those who adopt a further division, short characters are 
given for 34. Babington’s Manual (8th edit.) distinguishes 45. Amongst 
those which have been observed in Britain, the following appear to be 
the most marked, although even these will very frequently be found to 
pass imperceptibly one into the other. 
a. R. fruticosus communis. Leaflets covered underneath with a close, 
white down. Flowers usually numerous. Chiefly in hedges and thickets. 
