214 THE STELLATE TRIBE. 
and barely extending to some of the southern counties of England. FV. 
summer. [In former editions of this work, and by many botanists still, 
this has been regarded as a smooth fruited form of the Continental G. | 
parisiense, Linn., in which the fruit is covered with bristles.] 
8. G. boreale, Linn. (fig. 478). Northern G.—Rootstock creeping ; — 
the stems more firm and erect, and less branched than in the other 
species, from § to 14 feet high, glabrous or slightly hoary. Leaves 4 in 
a whorl, lanceolate or linear, rather firm, with 3 longitudinal ribs, 
smooth or scarcely rough at the edges, and often aninchlong. Flowers 
numerous, in oblong terminal panicles, white, and rather larger than 
in G. Mollugo, with very short, inflected points to the lobes. Fruit 
covered with hooked hairs or bristles. 
On moist rocks, and in mountain pastures, all over northern Europe, 
Asia to the Arctic regions, and America; confined to mountains in 
southern Europe and central Asia, Frequent in Scotland, northern 
England, North Wales, and Ireland. Fl. sumier. 
9, G. Aparine, Linn. (fig. 479). Cleavers, Goose-grass. Although an 
annual, this plant often extends to several feet, scrambling over bushes, 
to which it clings by the recurved asperities or small prickles on the 
angles of the stem and on the edges and midribs of the leaves. Leaves 
6 or 8 ina whorl, linear or linear-lanceolate, often above an inch long. 
Peduncles opposite and axillary, rather longer than the leaves, bearing 
a loose cyme of from 3 to 8 or 10 small, greenish-white flowers, with 
3 or 4 leaves at the base of the cyme. Pediceis 2 to 4 lines long, 
straight and slender, or but slightly recurved and thickened. Fruits 
usually covered with hooked bristles, forming small, very adhesive 
burrs, but sometimes almost or entirely without them. 
In hedges and thickets, throughout Hurope and northern Asia, from 
the Arctic Circle almost to the tropics, and now spread over North 
America. Abundant in Britain. Fl. the whole summer, and often in 
autumn. Slender or short varieties, less hispid, and with smaller fruits, 
have been distinguished under the names of G. Vadlantii, DC., and G. 
spurium, Linn., but the latter name is also given to luxuriant forms of 
G. tricorne, 
10. G. tricorne, With. (fig. 480). Corn G.—Very near G. Aparine, 
but a smaller plant, seldom above a foot long, the leaves shorter, the 
peduncles shorter than the leaves, with only 1, 2, or 3 flowers, the 
pedicels of which are rolled back and thickened after flowering, and 
the fruit is granulated only, without hooks or bristles. 
A much more southern plant than G. Aparine, very common in waste 
and cultivated places in the Mediterranean region, and eastward to 
central Asia ; becomes a cornfield weed in central Europe, and as such 
extends over most counties of England, but does not extend to Scotland 
or Ireland. Fl. with the corn, or sometimes later, in the stubble. 
III. ASPERULA. ASPERULE. 
Differs from Galium only in the shape of the corolla, which tapers 
at the base into a tube at least as long as the lobes, and often several 
times longer. 
The species are less numerous than those of Galium, and the geogra- | 
