246 ; THE COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
but rather less so in Britain, and disappearing north of Lanark and 
Berwick; east Ireland only. Fl. summer and autumn. 
8. S. paludosus, Linn. (fig. 549). Fen S.—Stem erect, 2 to 5 or — 
6 feet high, scarcely branched. Leaves numerous, narrow-lanceolate, 
sharply toothed, more or less cottony on the under side. Flower-heads 
rather large, not very numerous, in a loose terminal corymb. Involucres 
almost hemispherical, the outer bracts few, short, and subulate. Florets — 
of the ray from 12 to 16, yellow, linear, and spreading. A 
In swamps and fens, in temperate Europe, extending northward to 
southern Sweden, but usually very local. Very rare in Britain, and re- 
stricted to a few spots in the fenland tracts of the eastern counties of 
England and the Channel Islands. Fl. swmmer. 
9. S. saracenicus, Linn. (fig. 550). Broad- leaved S.—An erect 
perennial, nearly allied to S. paludosus, but glabrous or iedete so, and 
not usually so tall. Leaves broadly or narrowly lanceolate, and more 
regularly toothed. Flower-heads much more numerous, and smaller 
than in S, paludosus, in a compact corymb. Involucres cylindrical or 
ovoid, with seldom more than 6 or 7 florets to the ray. 
In woods and shady places, almost all over the continent of Europe, . 
extending in Russian Asia to the Arctic regions, although not found in 
Scandinavia. Very local in Britain, and chiefly in moist meadows and 
pastures in various parts of England and Scotland, possibly escaped 
from gardens, where it has been sometimes cultivated. In Ireland, in 
woods near Bantry. Fl. summer. 
10. S. palustris, DC. (fig. 551). Marsh S.—An erect and nearly 
simple annual or biennial, often covered with a loose grey down, not 
cottony as in S. campestris. Stem hollow, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 
lanceolate, sinuate and coarsely toothed or nearly entire. Flower- 
heads in a dense terminal corymb, approaching to an umbel. In- 
volucral bracts all equal, without any small outer ones. Florets of the 
ray about 20, yellow. Achenes glabrous, strongly ribbed, with a 
copious silky pappus more than twice as long as the involucre. 
In wet, muddy places, in northern Europe and Asia, from the Arctic 
regions to Picardy, the Netherlands, and central Germany. Very rare 
in Britain, and confined to the fens of the eastern counties of England. 
Fl. summer. 
11. S. campestris, DC. (fig. 552). Field S.—Rootstock short and 
thick, or slightly creeping. Stem erect, simple, from a few inches to 1 
or 2 feet high. Radical leaves stalked, oblong or ovate, those of the 
stem longer and narrower, upper ones few and distant, all entire or 
toothed, with a loose cottony wool on the under side, as also on the 
stems, especially in open, dry situations. Flower-heads like those of 
S. palustris, but only few together, in a small terminal corymb or rather 
umbel, the peduncles starting from nearly the same point. Achenes 
downy, with scarcely prominent ribs, and a shorter pappus than in 
S. palustris. 
In meadows and pastures, in most of the mountain-ranges of Europe 
and Russian Asia to the Arctic regions. In Britain, limited to a few 
stations on the chalky downs of the central and southern counties of 
England. Fl. summer, [A tall variety, maritima, Syme. (S. spathule- s 
folius, Bab.), with broadly toothed leaves, occurs in Mickie in Yor y 
shire, and on maritime rocks in Anglesea. ] ; 
