248 THE COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
all equal. Anthers with hair-like appendages at their base. Achenes 
large, with a short pappus of stiff hairs. . 
In waste places, on roadsides, &c., over all Europe and Russian Asia, 
except the extreme north, and naturalised in other parts of the globe, 
Common in Britain. Fl. swmmer. It varies much in the size of the 
flower-heads (from ? to 14 inches diameter), in the breadth of the 
involucral bracts, in the abundance or deficiency of the cottony wool, 
in the length of the peduncles; and five distinct species have been 
described, but it has always appeared to me very difficult to ascribe 
any certain limits, even to the three more generally recognised varieties 
A, majus, A. minus, and A, tomentosum. [The most conspicuous forms 
BS Ga 
a, A. magus, Schkuhr., with hollow petioles, green hemispherical ~ 
heads, and the corolla tube larger than the limb.—A. tomentosum is a 
variety of it with more spherical webbed heads. 
b. A. minus, Schkuhr., with more ovoid heads, purplish inner bracts, 
and the corolla tube equalling the limb; it varies in the breadth of the 
leaves, the colour of the bracts, and glabrous or cottony heads. A. 
nemorosum, Lej., is a subvariety with narrower coarsely crenate root- 
leaves, and more globose heads. ] 
XXIII. SERRATULA. SAWWORT. 
Herbs, not prickly, but with the general habit and style of Cynaroidec. 
Involucres ovoid or oblong, the bracts imbricated and pointed, but not 
prickly. Receptacle with chaffy bristles between the florets. Pappus 
of numerous simple unequal hairs, longer than the achenes. Anthers 
without appendages. 
Although much reduced by the modern splitting of genera, Serratula 
still includes several south European and Asiatic species. 
1, S. tinctoria, Linn. (fig. 556). Common Sawwort.—A stiff, erect, 
scarcely branched, and nearly glabrous perennial, 1 to 3 feet high; the 
lower leaves more or less pinnate, with lanceolate, pointed, and finally 
toothed segments, the terminal one the largest; the upper leaves 
toothed only, or with a few lobes at their base. Flower-heads in a 
terminal corymb, partially dicecious, the male heads rather stouter 
than the females. Involucres 7 or 8 lines long, with numerous ap- 
pressed bracts, the inner ones often coloured at the tips. Florets 
purple. 
In open woods, thickets, and bushy pastures, common throughout 
temperate Europe, and extending far into Scandinavia, and into 
western Siberia. Spread over nearly the whole of England, but 
scarcely penetrates into Scotland, and not recorded from Ireland. 
Fl, late in summer. 
oo 
XXIV. SAUSSUREA. SAUSSUREA. | 
Herbs, with the habit and characters of Serratula, except that the 
hairs of the pappus, or at least the inner ones, are very feathery, and — 
the anthers have at their lower end hair-like appendages or tails. 3 
The species are chiefly numerous in central and Russian Asia. There — 
™~ 
