258 THE COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
minutely hooked at the top, so as to cling to whatever they come in 
contact with. Leaves lanceolate, the lower ones tapering into a stalk, 
and often 6 inches»or more long, the upper ones clasping the stem. 
Peduncles rather long and stiff, Involucres scarcely 6 lines long. 
Pappus of a dirty white, the hairs usually very feathery, except a few 
of the outer ones of each achene. 
On roadsides, borders of fields, and waste places, in southern and 
central Europe, as far as southern Scandinavia, in temperate Russia 
and central Asia, and now spread as a weed of cultivation to many 
other parts of the world. Abundant in the oreater part of England, 
extending to Roxburgh in Scotland, absent from Ireland. Fl. summer — 
and autumn. 
Se cenaannnammnmeanetmel 
XXXII, LEONTODON. HAWKBIT. 
Herbs, with a perennial stock, radical, spreading leaves, simple or 
slightly branched, usually leafless flower-stems, and yellow flowers. In- 
volucres of several nearly equal, erect, inner bracts, and 2 or 3 rows 
of smaller outer ones. Receptacle without bracts between the florets. 
Achenes more or less tapering at the top into a short beak, sometimes 
scarcely perceptible. Pappus of all, or at least the central florets, com- 
posed of feathery hairs. 
A genus not numerous in species, but abundantly spread over Europe 
and Russian Asia. It was formerly united with Taraxacum, from which 
it has been separated on account of the feathery pappus. 
All the achenes with a pappus of feathery hairs. 
Hairy plant, with simple fiower-stems, Pappus with an outer 
- row of minute simple hairs. 1. L. hispidus. 
Plant nearly glabrous. Flower-stems often divided, enlarged 
under the flower-heads. All the hairs of the pappus of equal 
length 2. L. autumnalis, 
Achenes of the outer row of florets with a pappus of very short, 
simple hairs. Flower-stems simple . . 8 DL. hirtus. 
1. L. hispidus, Linn. (fig. 582). Common H.—the whole plant more 
or less hispid with erect, stiff, short hairs, often forked or stellate at the 
top. Leaves long and narrow, coarsely toothed or pinnatifid. Peduncles  . 
6-inches to a foot or more long, slightly swollen at the top, with a single : 
rather large flower-head. Bracts of the involucre narrow, and always 4 
hispid, the inner row much longer than the outer ones. Achenes long, : 
striate, and transversely rugose, slightly tapering at the top, but seldom 
distinctly beaked. Pappus of about a dozen brown, feathery hairs, about 
as long as the achene, surrounded by 5 or 6 others not a quarter that 
length. Apargia hispida, Willd. 
In meadows and pastures, very common in Hurope, and eastward to 
the Caucasus and the Ural, except in the extreme north. Abundant 
in Britain, as far north as Glasgow and Forfar. Fl. the whole summer 
and autumn. <A nearly glabrous variety (ZL. hastilis), frequent on the 
Continent, does not appear to have been found in Britain. F 
-2, L. autumnalis, Linn. (fig. 583). Autumnal H.—Habit nearly of — 
Hypocheris radicata, but with smaller flower-heads, and no scales — 
between the florets. Leaves long, narrow, and pinnatifid, with a few — 
narrow lobes, glabrous, or with a few long, stiff hairs.. Flower-stems — 
