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268 THE COMPOSITE FAMILY. [Hieracium. 
2. H. alpinum, Linn. (fig. 603). Alpine H.—Rootstock short and 
thick, sometimes shortly creeping, but without creeping leafy stems. 
Leaves chiefly radical, oblong or lanceolate, slightly toothed, green, 
with a few long hairs. Peduncles or flower-stems about 6 inches high, 
simple or rarely divided into 2 simple branches ; they usually bear 1, 2, 
or even 3 small narrow leaves, and a single rather large head of bright 
yellow flowers. Involucres and peduncles more or less clothed with 
long rusty hairs; the outer bracts few and small, as in H. murorum. 
A high alpine or Arctic species, spread over the mountains of 
northern and Arctic Europe and Asia, and the higher ranges of central 
and southern Europe. Not uncommon in the Highlands of Scotland, 
and in the mountains of North Wales, and found also in some parts of 
north-western England. vl. summer. In its ordinary state it is easily 
recognised, but in the Scotch Highlands a variety occurs with broader 
leaves, longer flower-stems, and less shaggy involucres with hlack 
hairs; this, the H. nigrescens, Willd., is intermediate between HZ. 
alpinum and H. murorum. 
3. H. murorum, Linn. (fig. 604). Wall H.—The short perennial 
stock bears a spreading tuft of rather large, ovate or oblong leaves, 
always stalked, sometimes very obtuse and nearly entire, more fre- 
quently, pointed and coarsely toothed, especially near the base, some- 
times tapering into the stalk, sometimes more or less cordate at the 
base, usually slightly hairy, and often of a pale glaucous-green under- 
neath. Flower-stems erect, 1 to 2 feet high, rarely quite leafless, usually 
with 1 or 2 leaves near the base like the radical ones but smaller, and 
1 or 2 smaller narrow ones higher up, but occasionally with several 
leaves. Flower-heads rather large and yellow, usually 3 or 4 only, but 
sometimes as many as 20 or 30, in a loose terminal corymb. Involucres 
and peduncles more or less clothed with biack, glandular hairs, inter- 
mixed with a shorter, rusty-coloured down, whilst the stem is glabrous, 
or bears in the lower part long, white woolly hairs, which are sometimes 
very dense close to the stock. Scales of the involucres narrow, the 
inner ones nearly equal, the outer few and much shorter, 
On banks and old walls, in meadows and rich pastures, bushy places, 
and open woods, throughout Europe and Russian Asia, from the Mediter- 
ranean to the Arctic regions. Very common all over Britain. Fl, all 
summer and carly autumn. Exceedingly variable in the shape and teeth 
of the leaves, in colour and hairiness, in the number of stem-leaves and 
of flower-heads. In alpine situations.the leaves are usually much more 
entire, often obovate. A marked variety, growing in woods and on 
banks, with a much more leafy stem, has been distinguished as H. 
sylvaticum, Sm., or H. vulyatum, Fries , but it is connected with the 
more typical form by intermediates which defy classification. From 
H, sabaudum and H. umbellatum it may be known by the radical leaves 
larger than the stem ones, and persistent at the time of flowering, 
except where they have been accidentally choked by the surrounding 
herbage, or withered by drought or other accidental causes. 
4. H. cerinthoides, Linn. (tig. 605). Honeywort //.—The habit and — 
radical leaves are those of the mountain varieties of H. murorum, but 
the whole plant is still more glaucous, and has generally more of the © 
woolly hairs, especially about the stock. The flower-stems bear but — 
few rather large flowers, and 1 or 2 leaves usually entire, and always” 
