~y 
Cainpanula, | XLIV. CAMPANULACEZ. 275 
narrow leafy teeth of the calyx, and bursting open by small clefts at 
their base. 
In rather dry pastures, throughout Europe and Russian Asia, except 
the extreme north. Extends over the greater part of England, but is 
rare in the western counties and in Ireland, and is found only in eastern 
Scotland. Fl. swnmer. In very dry soils it often becomes much 
dwarfed. 
2. C. Trachelium, Linn. (fig. 618). Nettle-leaved C.—A variable 
species, sometimes approaching in appearance the smaller specimens 
of C. latifolia, sometimes. with the upper flowers almost contracted 
into a head or cluster like C. glomerata, Lower leaves on long staiks, 
always broadly heart-shaped and coarsely toothed ; the upper ones small 
and ovate-lanceolate. Flowers large, 2 or 3 together in short leafy 
racemes in the upper axils or at the summit of the stem, or sometimes 
solitary, as in C. latifolia ; the calyx stiffly hairy, with broadly-lanceolate 
segments. 
Its stations and geographical range are nearly the same as those of 
 C. latifolia, extending all across Russian Asia, but it appears to be more 
generally diffused in western Europe. It is also rather common in some 
parts of England, and found in Scotland as far north as Lanark and 
Fife; in Ireland, in Kilkenny only. Fl. summer. 
3. C. latifolia, Linn. (fig. 619.) Giant C.—A tall, handsome species, 
with nearly simple stems; the leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed and 
toothed, often 6 inches long and at least 2 inches broad, all narrowed 
at the base, and the lower ones stalked. Flowers large, blue or white, 
solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, forming a leafy raceme, the 
uppermost exceeding their leaves. Capsules short, crowned by the 
long-lanceolate calyx-segments, and opening bv short clefts at the base. 
In the woods of northern Europe and Russian and central Asia. and 
extending to the Arctic regions, but rather a mountain plant in southern 
Europe. Frequent in central and southern Scotland, and northern 
England, rare in the south, and not a native of Ireland. Fl. summer. 
4. C. ravunculoides, Linn. (fig. 620). Creeping C.—Rootstock more 
creeping than in the other species, with a simple erect stem 1 to 2 feet 
high. Lower leaves on long stalks, and heart-shaped ; the upper ones 
small, ovate-lanceolate. Flowers drooping, not so large as in the last 
two species, but varying in size; they grow singly in the axils of small 
floral leaves, forming long, terminal, simple racemes. Capsules nearly 
slobular, crowned by the linear or narrow-lanceolate lobes of the calyx, 
and opening by small clefts at the base. 
In open woods, in central and southern Europe and western Asia. 
Having been early cultivated in gardens, and when once planted in 
genial soil becoming often difficult of extirpation, it is doubtful how 
far it may be indigenous in the more northern siations given forit. In 
Britain, admitted as a native of a few localities distantly scattered over 
England and Scotland, but.evidently naturalised. Fl. summer. 
5. ©. Rapunculus, Linn. (fig. 621). Rampion, Ramps.—An erect, 
stiff, but rather slender perennial, more or less covered with stiff 
white hairs, which almost disappear when cultivated. Radical leaves 
oblong or ovate, on long stalks, and slightly crenate; the stem- 
leaves narrow and mostly entire. Flowers small, on short peduncles, 
forming long, simple or slightly branched terminal racemes; the 
