Uimus.] LXXIT. ULMACEA. 401 
Besides Ulmus there are but very few genera, either tropical or from 
the warmer parts of the northern hemisphere. 
I. ULMUS. ELM. 
Trees, with alternate, deciduous leaves, and small flowers in clusters, 
appearing before the leaves on the preceding year’s wood. Perianth 
campanulate, with 4 to 6 short lobes or teeth, and as many stamens. 
Ovary flat, with 2 short, diverging styles, and divided into 2 cells, each 
with a single pendulous ovule. Fruit flat, thin, and leaf-like, slightly 
thickened in the centre, where it contains 1 pendulous seed. 
A small genus, spread over the temperate regions of the northern 
hemisphere. | 
Fruit slightly notched at the top, the seed-bearing cavity placed 
considerably below the notch . . 1. U. montana. 
Fruit deeply notched, the rage almost reaching tl the seed- bearing 
cavity . . 2. U. campestris. 
1. U. montana, Sm. ee 908). Scotch or Wych E.—A tree of con- 
siderable size and picturesque form ; the large branches spreading from 
near the base unless when drawn up inits youth. Leaves nearly sessile, 
broadly ovate, bordered with double teeth, and very unequal or oblique 
at the base, usually rough on the upper side and downy underneath. 
Flowers reddish, in dense clusters, surrounded by brownish bracts, 
which soon fall off; the pedicels scarcely as long as the perianth. 
Fruits green and leaf-like, broadly ovate or orbicular, 6 to 9 lines long, 
with a small notch at the top; the seed suspended in a small cavity 
near the centre of the fruit. 
Chiefly in hilly districts, in northern and western Europe and Asia. 
In Britain, it is the common wild #lm of Scotland, Ireland, and northern 
and western England; it is rare in south-eastern England, where a 
variety of U. campestris is often called wych Elm. Fl. early spring, before 
the leaves. 
2. U. campestris, Sm. (fig. 909). Common E.—Very near U. mon- 
tana, and many botanists consider the two races as forming but one 
species. The U. campestris appears, however, to be generally, if not 
constantly, distinguished by the fruit, which is deeply notched, the top 
of the seed-bearing cavity almost reaching the notch. It is usually 
also a taller and straighter-growing tree, attaining in rich soils above a 
hundred feet ; the young branches are more slender, and the leaves 
usually smaller and less coarse; but all these characters are very 
variable. 
Widely spread over central, southern, and eastern Europe, and western 
Asia, and the most generally planted species. In Britain, it is the most 
frequent one in fields and hedge-rows. It is nowhere indigenous in 
Britain, where it rarely ripens seed, but increases rapidly by root 
suckers. Fl. carly spring, before the leaves. It varies with the leaves 
nearly smooth and glabrous, and the bark becomes corky (UV. suberosa, 
Khrh.), even on the young branches, more frequently than in UY. montana; 
but the supposed species established on these characters do not come 
true from seed, 
