416 THE PINE FAMILY. 3 [Pinus. 
seeds; or of 7huia, very near Cypress, but with flattened branches, 
and small, ovate, dry cones, with few seeds; or of Yaxodium, with 
deciduous leaves, and a small cone hear that of Cypress ; besides the 
Sequoias (including the Weliingtonia) of California, Cryptomeria from 
Japan, Araucaria of Chili, Cedars of Lebanon and India (Deodara), and 
others. 
I. PINUS. PINE. 
Trees, with linear or subulate leaves. Male catkins closely imbri- 
cated, with 2 adnate anther-cells on the inside of each scale (at least 
apparently so, for in fact the scale is the connectivum of the anther, 
and the whole catkin thus consists of nothing but closely imbricated 
anthers). Female catkins short, consisting of closely imbricated 
scales, with 2 ovules on the inside of each; the foramen, or open 
pore at the top of the ovule, turned downwards. Fruit a cone, CONn- 
sisting of more or less hardened, imbricated scales, each one cover- 
ing 2 winged seeds. 
A large genus, constituting the great mass of the Conifere of the 
northern hemisphere, scarcely penetrating into the tropics, and un- 
known in the southern hemisphere. 
The cultivated species are very numerous, belonging to four principal 
sections or genera, viz.:—1. The true Pies, with subulate evergreen 
leaves, in clusters of 2, 3, or 5, and hard cones with persistent scales, 
including, besides the Scotch P., the Pinaster or maritime P., the 
Weymouth P., the Roman P., &c. 2. The Spruces (Picea), with shorter, 
flattened or angular leaves, arranged singly and often in two opposite 
ranks, and with thin persistent scales to the pendulous cones, in- 
cluding the common or Norway Spruce, now almost naturalised in 
Britain, the Hemlock Spruce, and the Douglas Fir, &c.—3. The Firs 
(Abies), with flattened leaves and large erect cones with deciduous 
scales, as the silver Fir. 4. The Larches (Larix), with short, fine, 
deciduous leaves, in dense clusters, and small erect cones with thin 
persistent scales ; and 5. The Cedars of Lebanon, and Deodara (Cedrus), 
with short, evergreen, subulate leaves, clustered as in Zaria, and large, 
erect, hard closely packed cones with deciduous scales. [The so-called 
‘““ Scotch Fir” is no Fir, but a Pine proper.] 
1. P. sylvestris, Linn. (fig. 936). Scotch, Norway, or Riga.—A 
tree of considerable size; the main trunk simple or forked, with 
a reddish bark, and a rather dense head, but less so than in many 
other species. Leaves stiffly subulate, evergreen, seldom above 2 
inches long, in pairs, sheathed by short, scarious scales. Cones sessile, 
ovoid, conical, recurved when young; the scales hard and woody, 
much thickened upwards, with a short, thick point, often turned 
backwards in the lower scales of one side of the cone, but generally 
disappearing as the cone ripens. Seeds with an obliquely lanceolate, 
obtuse wing, 2 or 3 times as long as the seed itself. 
Widely distributed over northern and central Europe and Russian 
Asia, chiefly in granitic or sandy soils, and in the mountains of southern 
Kurope and the Caucasus. Indigenous in the Scotch Highlands, and 
formerly in Ireland ; planted all over Britain, and quite naturalised. 
Fl, spring. 
