Panicum] LXXXIX. GRAMINEZ. 511 
bent, rather broad-leaved annual, Panicle 4 to 6 inches long, irregu- 
larly pyramidal, and rather one-sided; the spikelets larger than in the 
preceding species, crowded or clustered along the spike-like branches, 
the lowest of which are 1 to 2 inches long, diminishing gradually to 
the top.. Lowest glume very short and broad, the next about the 
length of the flower, empty and awnless, the third about as long, 
ending in either a short point or a long, coarse awn, and has often a 
thin palea in its axil. Flowering glume awnless, smooth and shining. 
Echinochloa Crus-gallt, Beauv. 
A common and widely-spread weed of hot countries, especially in 
the Old World, and abundant in temperate Europe and Russian Asia, 
extending northwards to southern Scandinavia. In Britain, occasion- 
ally only, as a weed of cultivation in southern England. fF. swmmer 
and autumn. 
IV. HIEROCHLOE. HOLYGRASS. 
Panicle loose and spreading (in some exotic species narrow and 
crowded). .Spikelets with 1 perfect terminal flower and 2 lower flowers 
male only, with 3 stamens. Glumes 6, all scarious, boat-shaped, keeled, 
and pointed ; the 2 outer empty ones as long as the flowers, below the 
articulation of the rachis and persistent, 2 intermediate ones enclosing 
the male flowers; the upper pair smaller, but both keeled, without any 
2-nerved palea. 
A genus of several species, spread over the colder regions of both the 
northern and southern hemispheres, and closely allied to Anthoxanthum, 
differing only in the intermediate glumes enclosing male flowers. 
1. H. borealis, Roem. et Sch. (fig. 1166). Northern H.—A perennial, 
from # to 14 feet high, with a creeping rootstock, and flat leaves, 
usually short, scented like Anthoxanthum. Panicle spreading, about 
2 inches long, with slender branches. Spikelets ovate, of a shining 
brown ; the outer empty glumes very pointed, nearly 3 lines long, and 
elabrous. Two intermediate glumes attaining to the length of the 
outer ones, but rough on the outside with short hairs, and each 
enclosing a 2-nerved palea and 3 stamens. Uppermost pair of glumes 
smaller and nearly glabrous, the innermost enclosing 2 stamens and 
the pistil. 
In mountain pastures and waste places, at high latitudes, in northern 
and Arctic Hurope, Asia, and America, descending southwards to 
northern Germany, and to the mountains of south-eastern Germany. 
In Britain, only near Thurso, in Caithness. FJ. summer. 
V. ANTHOXANTHUM. ANTHOXANTH. 
Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, pedicellate, but crowded into a cylin- 
drical spike or spike-like panicle. Glumes 6, all boat-shaped and 
keeled, the 2 outer ones unequal, pointed but not awned; the 2 next 
also empty, shorter than the outer ones, narrow, hairy; one with a 
small awn on its back, the outer with a longer awn arising from its 
base ; the upper pair still shorter, obtuse and awnless, without any 
true palea. Stamens only 2. 
