514 THE GRASS FAMILY. — LPRlewm, 
last, but usually of much lower stature; the sheaths of the upper — 
leaves very loose or inflated. Spike ovoid or oblong, seldom an inch 
long, usually assuming a purplish hue. Outer glumes truncate as in P, 
pratense, but the keel lengthened into an awn, varying from 1 to 2 lines 
in length. 
In alpine pastures, in northern and Arctic Europe, Asia, and America, 
and in their mountain chains, reappearing in Antartic America. In 
Britain, only in the higher Scottish mountains. J, swmmer. 
3. P. Boehmeri, Schrad. (fig. 1172). Bohmer’s P.—An erect peren- 
nial, like P. pratense, but usually smaller, with shorter leaves, the sheaths 
not enlarged. Spike cylindrical, 1 to 3 inches long, not quite so dense 
as in P. pratense. Outer glumes narrow-lanceolate, tapering into a 
minute point, without hairs on the keel, and with a narrow, scarious 
edge. Flowering glume much smaller. Palea with a minute bristle at 
its base outside. P. phalaroides, Koel. 
In dry fields, and waste places, generally dispersed over Europe and 
Russian Asia, except the extreme north. Rare in Britain and chiefly 
found in the eastern counties of England. Fl. summer, rather early. 
4, P.asperum, Jacq. (fig. 1173). Rough P.—An annual, 6 to 12 inches 
high, with a cylindrical spike lke that of P. Baehmert, but the spike- 
lets are smaller and more numerous. Outer glumes less than a line 
long, of a firm texture, smooth or scarcely rough, narrow at the base, 
enlarged upwards, and contracted rather suddenly into a very short . 
point, the lateral nerves scarcely prominent. Flowering glume very 
small. 
In dry fields, and waste places, in central and southern Europe, ex- 
tending eastward to the Caucasus, and northward into eastern France 
and central Germany. Rare in Britain, where it has been found casually, 
chiefly in the eastern counties. Fl. summer. 
5. P. arenarium, Linn. (fig. 1174). Sand P.—An erect annual, 6 to 
8 inches high, with short leaves. Spike # to 1; inches long, dense and 
nearly cylindrical, but more or less tapering at the base. Spikelets 
about 14 lines long. Outer glumes lanceolate, tapering into a short 
point ; the keel ciliate with stiff hairs, and a very prominent nerve on 
each side. Flowering glume not one-third the length of the outer 
ones. 
In maritime sands, chiefly in western Europe, extending, however, 
far along the shores of the Baltic in the north, and the Mediterranean 
in the south. Common on the coasts of England and Ireland, but only 
in the east of Scotland. Fl. spring and early summer. 
IX. ALOPECURUS. FOXTAIL. 
Spikelets 1-flowered, flat, and densely crowded into a cylindrical 
spike or spike-like panicle. Outer glumes boat-shaped, with a promi- 
nent keel, but not awned. Flowering glume shorter, with a very 
slender awn inserted on the back So atenoe: concealed under the 
outer glumes). Palea entirely wanting. 
A small genus, widely spread over the temperate and colder regions 
of both the northern and southern hemispheres, resembling Phlewm in 
habit, but easily distinguished by the absence of the palea. : 
