XXXVI OUTLINES OF BOTANY. 



ovary or the persistent part of the calyx. If the appendage be a ring of 

 hairs or scales round the top of the fruit, it is called a pappus. 



156. Fruits are generally divided into succulent (including fleshy, pulpy, 

 and juicy fruits) and dry. They are dehiscent when they open at maturity 

 to let out the seeds, indehiscent when they do not open spontaneously but 

 fall off with the seeds. Succulent fruits are usually indehiscent. 



157- The principal kinds of succulent fruits are 



the Berry, in which the whole substance of the pericarp is fleshy or 

 pulpy, with the exception of the outer skin or rind, called the Epicarp. 

 The seeds themselves are usually immersed in the pulp ; but in some berries 

 the seeds are separated from the pulp by the walls of the cavity or cells of 

 the ovary, which form as it were a thin inner skin or rind, called the Endo- 

 carp. 



the Drupe, in which the pericarp, when ripe, consists of two distinct 

 portions, an outer succulent one called the Sarcocarp (covered like the 

 berry by a skin or epicarp), and an inner dry endocarp called the Putamen, 

 which is either cartilaginous (of the consistence of parchment) or hard and 

 woody. In the latter case it is commonly called a stone, and the drupe a 

 stone-fruit. 



158. The principal kinds of dry fruits are 



the Capsule or Pod* which is dehiscent. When ripe the pericarp 

 usually splits longitudinally into as many or twice as many pieces, called 

 valves, as it contains cells or placentas. If these valves separate at the 

 line of junction of the carpels, that is, along the line of the placentas or 

 dissepiments, either splitting them or leaving them attached to the axis, the 

 dehiscence is termed septicidal ; if the valves separate between the pla- 

 centas or dissepiment, the dehiscence is loculicidal, and the valves either 

 bear the placentas or dissepiments along their middle line, or leave them 

 attached to the axis. Sometimes also the capsule discharges its seeds by 

 slits, chinks, or pores, more or less regularly arranged, or bursts irregularly, 

 or separates into two parts by a horizontal line ; in the latter case it is said 

 to be circumsciss. 



the Nut or Achene, which is indehiscent and contains but a single seed. 

 When the pericarp is thin in proportion to the seed it encloses, the whole 

 fruit (or each of its lobes) has the appearance of a single seed, and is so 

 called in popular language. If the pericarp is thin and rather loose, it is 

 often called an Utricle. A Samara is a nut with a wing at its upper end. 



159. When the carpels of the ovary are distinct (125), they may severally 

 become as many distinct berries, drupes, capsules, or achenes. Separate 

 carpels are usually more or less compressed laterally, with more or less 

 prominent inner and outer edges, called sutures, and, if dehiscent, the 

 carpel usually opens at these sutures. A Follicle is a carpel opening at 

 the inner suture only. In some cases where the carpels are united in the 

 ovary, they will separate -when ripe; they are then called Cocci if one- 

 seeded. 



160. The peculiar fruits of some of the large Orders have received 

 special names, which will be explained under each Order. Such are the 

 Siliqua and Silicide of Cruciferse, the Legume of Leguminosse, the Pome of 

 Pyrus and its allies, the Pepo of Cucurbitacese, the Cone of Coniferse, the 

 Grain or Caryopsis of Gramineae, etc. 



* In English descriptions, pod is more frequently used when ife is long and narrow; 

 capsule, or sometimes pouch, when it is short and thick or broad. 



