146 THE KOSE FAMILY. [Pyrus. 



In woods and hedgerows, in the temperate regions of Europe and 

 Asia, extending northwards into southern Sweden. Scattered over 

 Britain, but in so many instances escaped from cultivation, that it 

 cannot be affirmed to be really indigenous. Fl. spring. [P, cordata, 

 Desv. (P. Briggsii, Syme), is a curious form found, apparently wild, in 

 Cornwall, with more ovate leaves, and very small fruit.] 



2. P. Malus, Linn. (fig. 335). Crab-apple. — The Apple-tree never 

 grows to the height of the Pear, and assumes a more spreading shape. 

 The leaves are very nearly the same, but generally downy underneath, 

 with a shorter and stouter stalk. The inflorescence is also the same, 

 except that the peduncles issue from nearly the same point, instead of 

 being arranged in a short raceme along a common axis ; the divisions 

 of the calyx are broader and downy, the flowers often assume a pinkish 

 hue, the styles are shortly united at the base, and the fruit is nearly 

 globular, and flat or hollowed at the base by the stalk. 



As widely spread as the Pear-tree over Europe and western Asia, it 

 extends farther northward into Scandinavia. Equally scattered over 

 Britain, but with more probability of its being a true native. Fl. spring. 

 In a wild state it produces the small acrid-fruited Crab Apple, but the 

 Apples, Pippins, Codlins, &c, of our orchards all belong to the same 

 species. 



3. P. Aria, Ehrh. (fig. 336). Beam-tree. — Often a mere shrub, but 

 growing into a tree of moderate size, with a rather broad head ; the 

 inflorescence, the young shoots, and the under side of the leaves 

 covered with a soft, white cotton. Leaves ovate or obovate, green and 

 glabrous on the upper side, always sharply toothed, sometimes undi- 

 vided, sometimes more or less pinnately lobed ; the lobes rounded at 

 the top, and not acuminate as in P. torminalis. Flowers white, in 

 corymbs at the ends of short, leafy branches, but not near so numerous 

 as in P. Aucuparia, and rather larger, the lateral peduncles bearing 

 seldom more than 3 or 4. Styles usually 2 only. Berries globular or 

 ovoid, and red. 



In woods, in central Europe, and in the mountain-ranges of southern 

 Europe and central Asia, extending eastward to the Altai and Himalaya, 

 and northward into Scandinavia. Generally distributed over Britain, 

 but more frequent in England and Ireland than in Scotland. Fl. spring 

 or early summer. The more or less cut-leaved varieties are sometimes 

 considered as species, under the names of P. intermedia, latifolia, 

 scandica, pinnatifida, and fennica ; these are not uncommon in the north 

 of Europe, and are occasionally found in the north of England, Ireland, 

 and Scotland ; and some are supposed to be hybrids between Aria and 

 Aucuparia. 



4. P. torminalis, Ehrh. (fig. 337). Wild Service-tree— A. tall shrub 

 or moderately-sized tree, with the inflorescence and under side of the 

 leaves, when young, clothed with a loose down, which disappears as 

 they grow old. Leafstalks slender ; leaves broad, and divided to near 

 the middle into a few broad, pointed lobes, bordered with small teeth. 

 Flowers in corymbs at the ends of short leafy branches, white, fewer 

 and larger than in P. Aucuparia; more numerous and rather smaller 

 than in P. Aria. Styles usually 2, united to above the middle. Berries 

 ovoid or globular, small and brownish. 



In woods, in central and southern Europe to the Caucasus, scarcely 



