31 



224 THE COMPOSITE FAMILY. 



9 ,/Ray purple or blue 25 



Zi \ Ray yellow 26 



( Involucral bracts and florets of the ray not numerous, oblong-linear 2. Aster. 

 25 < Involucral bracts and florets of the ray very numerous and narrow. 



( 3. Ertgeron. 



26 / Involucral bracts linear, equal in length, or with a few very small outer ones 27 



\ Involucral bracts imbricated in 2 or more rows .29 



C Radical leaves large, broadly heart-shaped or orbicular, distinct from the flower- 

 2 w I ing stem. Florets of the ray narrow and very numerous . 19. Tussilago. 



~\ Radical leaves none, or at the base of the flowering stem. Florets of the ray 



V. linear or oblong 28 



2 g/Achenes of the ray without any pappus 21. Doronicum. 



\ Achenes of the ray with a pappus like those of the disk . . 20. Senecio. 



{Florets of the ray not more than 10 or 12. Anthers without tails 4. Solidago. 

 Florets of the ray very numerous, or at any rate above 20. Anthers with minute 

 fine points or tails at their base 9. Inula. 



Cynaroide^. 



( Bracts of the involucre entire, obtuse or pointed but not prickly . . .31 

 n J Bracts of the involucre ending in a long, stiff point, hooked at the extremity. 



22. Arctium. 

 Bracts of the involucre prickly, or ending in a fringed or toothed appendage 34 



Hairs of the pappus simple 32 



Hairs of the pappus feathery . .33 



o 2 j Receptacle chaffy 23. Serratula. 



* Receptacle naked 19. Tussilago. 



oq j Leaves entire or coarsely toothed, not prickly . . . .24. Saussurea. 

 \ Leaves either prickly or bordered with minute stiff bristles . 25. Carduus. 



{Bracts of the involucre ending in a simple point or prickle . . . .35 

 Bracts of the involucre ending in a fringed or toothed appendage, or in several 

 points or prickles, or in a prickle branched at the base 3.6 



( Receptacle bearing long chaffy bristles between the florets . 25. Carduus. 

 35 < Receptacle honeycombed, with jagged edges to the cavities, but not bristly. 

 ( 26. Onopordon. 



Tinner bracts of the involucre long, linear, shining and spreading, outer ones 



ogj very prickly. Achenes silky 27. Carlina. 



"j Bracts of the involucre toothed or jagged, not prickly 

 \ Bracts of the involucre prickly. Achenes glabrous . 

 07/ Pappus of long, simple or feathery hairs 

 \ Pappus of short, simple bristles or none 



LlGULAT^ 



f Achenes bearing a pappus of numerous long hairs ...... 39 



I Achenes without a pappus, or crowned by a few short scales . . . .51 



1 Pappus with some or most of the hairs feathery 40 



1 Pappus with all the hairs simple 44 



4Q f Involucre (very long) with all the bracts of equal length . . 29. Tragopogon. 

 \ Involucre with outer bracts much smaller, or different from the inner ones . 41 

 ? External bracts of the involucre 4 or 5, broadly ovate or heart-shaped. 



41 \ 30. Helminthia. 



( External bracts of the involucre small and unequal 42 



( Receptacle bearing some long chaffy scales between the florets. 



42 -j 33. Hypochosris. 



( Receptacle naked 43 



["Stem leafy, branched, several-flowered, with clinging, hooked hairs. Achenes 



I without a beak 31. Pioris. 



I Stem almost leafless, simple or slightly branched, with 1 or very few flower- 

 t heads. Achenes usually tapering into a short beak . . 32. Leontodon. 

 ( Achenes more or less flattened. Leaves glabrous, often bearing prickles on 



44 < the edges or midrib 45 



( Achenes cylindrical or angular. Leaves glabrous, hairy, or downy . . .47 



4,-/ Achenes tapering into a slender beak bearing the pappus 46 



\ Pappus sessile or not supported on a distinct, slender beak . 35. Sonchus. 



28. Centaurea. 



. 37 



55. Carduus. 



28. Centaurea. 



A( .( Peduncles radical, with a single flower-head . . . .36. Taraxacum. 



L Flowering stems erect, leafy, bearing several flower-heads . 34. Lactuca. 



