ffieracium.] XLIII. COMPOSITE. 269 



clasping the stem with broad, rounded auricles, and the radical leaves 

 are usually remarkably obovate. H. anglicum, Fries. 



In western Europe, chiefly in the Pyrenees, more doubtfully extend- 

 ing to the western Alps and Corsica. A very doubtful British plant. 

 The only specimens I have seen which really resemble the Pyrenean 

 ones (in the dried state at least) are from the mountains of the west 

 and north of Ireland. The Scotch and English and most of the Irish 

 ones so denominated are usually varieties of H. murorum or of H. sabau- 

 dum. [This, the H. cerinthoides of Backhouse, is regarded by critical 

 authors, though not by Bentham, as different from the Continental 

 (Linnasan) cerinthoides, and is called H. anglicum by Fries.] 



5. H. umbellatum, Linn. (fig. 606). Umbellate H. — The perennial 

 stock only forms buds in the autumn, which do not expand into a tuft 

 of spreading leaves as in //. murorum, but in the following year grow 

 out into a leafy, erect, rigid stem, 1 to 3 feet high. Radical leaves, if 

 any, few and withering away before the time of flowering. Stem-leaves 

 from narrow-lanceolate to oblong, coarsely toothed or nearly entire ; the 

 lower ones stalked, and all tapering at the base. Flower-heads rather 

 numerous, on rather short lateral branches towards the summit of the 

 stem, several of which usually (but not always) start from so nearly the 

 same point so as to form an irregular umbel, and there are often many 

 others lower down in the axils of the upper leaves. Involucres and 

 peduncles glabrous or shortly downy. Leaves glabrous or hairy under- 

 neath ; the stems usually more or less clothed at the base with long 

 loose hairs. Scales of the involucre more regularly imbricated than in 

 H. murorum, the outer ones usually spreading at the tips. 



In woods and stony places or banks, throughout Europe and temperate 

 Asia, from the Mediterranean to the Arctic regions. Very common in 

 Britain. Fl. late summer, and autumn. 



6. H. sabaudum, Linn. (fig. 607). Savoy H. — Although intermediate 

 forms between this species and the last may occasionally be found, yet 

 they are in most cases easily distinguished. H. sabaudum, though 

 stout and equally tall with H. umbellatum, is less rigid and more hairy ; 

 the leaves larger, broader, and more toothed, the upper ones shorter, 

 always rounded at the base, and sometimes almost clasping the stem ; 

 and the flowering branches form a loose corymb, and never an umbel. 

 From H. murorum it is distinguished by the more leafy stem, without 

 radical leaves at the time of flowering, and by the more regularly im- 

 bricated involucres. H. boreale, Fr. 



In woods, under hedges, and in shady places, especially in hilly dis- 

 tricts in Europe, extending eastward to the confines of Siberia, and 

 probably still farther into Asia, and northward to the Arctic regions. 

 Distributed over the greater part of Britain, but not so frequent as H. 

 umbellatum, and especially as H. murorum. Fl. late summer, and autumn. 

 [IT. sabaudum, Smith, is regarded by most botanists, though not by 

 Bentham, as different from the Linnasan sabaudum.] 



7. H. prenanthoides, Vill. (fig. 608). Prenanth H. — Very near H. 

 sabaudum, but the stem-leaves are usually long, lanceolate, and slightly 

 narrowed near the base, and always clasp the stem by rounded auricles, 

 and even the stalks of the lower leaves are expanded at the base into 

 the same stem-clasping auricles. The involucres and peduncles have 



