474 THE RUSH FAMILY. [Juncus. 



16. J. castaneus, Sm. (fig. 1075). Chestnut R — The rootstock 

 emits creeping runners. Stems 6 inches to a foot high, with a few 

 rather short, grass-like, and channelled radical leaves, and 1 or 2 on 

 the stem itself, all ending in a fine, nearly cylindrical tip. Flowers 

 rather large, dark brown, in 1, 2, or 3 clusters at the top of the stem ; 

 the outer bract rather longer than the flowers. Perianth-segments 

 pointed, nearly 2 lines long. Capsule oblong, brown and shining, often 

 nearly twice the length of the perianth. 



In wet, rocky places, in the mountains of northern Europe, Asia, and 

 America, extending all round the Arctic Circle, and at great elevations 

 in the principal mountain-chains of Europe and Asia. In Britain, con- 

 fined to the Scotch Highlands, where it is very local. Fl. summer. 



17. J. biglumis, Linn. (fig. 1076). Two -flowered R. — Leaves radical, 

 sheathing the base of the stem, short and grass-like. Stems tufted, 6 

 to 8 inches high, each with a single terminal cluster of 2, 3, or rarely 5 

 or 6 rather large, brown flowers ; the outer bract seldom longer than 

 the flowers. Perianth-segments obtuse, scarious on the edges, 1^ to 2 

 lines long. Capsule as long or longer, more or less obtuse. 



In mountain bogs, in northern and Arctic Europe, Asia, and America, 

 and at great elevations in the mountain-ranges of central Europe. In 

 Britain, not unf requent in the Scotch Highlands, extending into northern 

 England and North Wales. Fl. summer. Two forms of this plant have 

 been distinguished as species, the two-flowered variety (/. biglumis, 

 Linn.), chiefly Arctic, usually with only 2 flowers, a small leafy tip to the 

 outer bract, and a short, very obtuse [turbinate, 3-lobed] capsule, [not 

 longer than the perianth] ; and the more common three-flowered variety 

 (/. triglumis, Linn.), with 3 or more flowers, no leafy tip to the bract, and 

 a longer, less obtuse [ellipsoid -beaked] capsule [much longer than the 

 perianth] ; but each of these characters will be found to vary occasionally 

 in the same tuft, and not always to correspond with each other. [As 

 all other botanists regard these forms as species, I have added in [] other 

 important characters to those given by Bentham. /. biglumis is a very 

 rare Scotch mountain plant, 2 to 6 inches high, with leaves septate 

 within and sheaths not auricled. J. triglumis is not uncommon in 

 Wales, north England and Scotland, grows 6 to 18 inches high, with 

 leaves formed of 2 tubes, and auricled sheaths.] 



II. LUZULA. WOODRUSH. 



Perennial herbs, differing from Juncus in their softer, flatter, grass- 

 like leaves, often fringed with long, white hairs, and in their capsules, 

 not divided into 3 cells, and containing only 3 much larger erect 

 seeds. 



A genus widely distributed over both hemispheres, usually in woods, 

 meadows, and pastures, in drier situations than the Rushes. 



Flowers panicled. 



Flowers single on each pedicel 1. L. pilosa. 



Flowers in clusters of 2, 3, or 4 on each pedicel. 

 Plant 2 or 3 feet high, with numerous flowers in a compound 



panicle 2. L. sylvatica. 



Alpine plant, not 6 inches high, with 3 or 4 small clusters of 



flowers 3. L. arcuata. 



