TWO BORA GROUNDS OF THE KAMILAROI TRIBE. 425 



in use. An opening about 5 feet wide was left in the 

 western boundary of the circle, from which a path led away 

 westerly up a gentle slope through a forest of pine trees 

 for about eleven chains. Then a turn to left bearing W. 

 10° N. was made in the track, for the purpose of skirting 

 the end of a rocky ridge, for about four chains. Another 

 turn to the left was then made bearing W. 20° S. for about 

 nine and a half chains, to the goonaba or smaller ring. At 

 the time of my visit, there was not a vestige of the boundary 

 of the goonaba. For several acres around that place the 

 surface consisted of loose sand, and any marks made upon 

 it would have been levelled down by the trampling of sheep 

 and cattle for so many years. 



My guides pointed out from memory the approximate 

 position of the goonaba, which would have given a diameter 

 of the circle about 50 or 60 feet. In digging into a slightly 

 raised place on the floor of the circle, I found the remains 

 of one of the tuarrengally or inverted stumps used in con- 

 nexion with the ceremonies. It was the lower or butt part 

 of a pine sapling, about 7 feet long, with portions of the 

 usual spreading roots still upon it. My native guides said 

 that at the last bora held there, the two warrengally which 

 had been erected were pulled up and buried in the loose 

 sandy soil, which was easily scooped out for the purpose. 

 My guides said that the other buried stump had evidently 

 been exposed by the trampling of stock passing over the 

 place, and was then consumed by bush fires, which occas- 

 ionally sweep through that district in dry seasons. It may 

 be stated here that stumps of this character are mostly 

 pulled out of their positions and burnt, as the ground is 

 generally too hard for digging with the rude tools possessed 

 by the aborigines. At the place in question, however, the 

 sand was deep and afforded an easy way of disposing of the 

 stumps, after some of the projecting roots had been broken 



