TREMATODES OF AUSTRALIAN BIRDS. 187 



ON THE TREMATODES OF AUSTRALIAN BIRDS. 



By S. J. Johnston, b.a., d.Sc. 



With Plates IX to XIX. 



[Read before the Royal Society of N. S. Wales, December 6, 1916.'] 



Introduction. 

 The subject-matter of this paper naturally falls into two 

 parts. In the first part twenty-one species, belonging to 

 nine families or sub-families of Trematodes, are described 

 as new. Up to this time thirty-three species were already 

 known from birds as hosts, and in the second part of this 

 paper the relationships of all fifty-four are discussed and 

 some attempt made to show the meaning of their relation- 

 ships and distribution. 



For many of the specimens which form the subject- 

 matter of Part I, I am indebted to four of my friends, Dr. 

 T. Harvey Johnston, of the University of Queensland, Dr. 

 S. J. Moreau of the Queen Victoria Sanatorium, Wentworth 

 Falls, Dr. J. B. Oleland of the Government Bureau of 

 Microbiology, Sydney, and Mr. Launcelot Harrison, lately 

 demonstrator of Zoology in the Sydney University. Where 

 possible, that is, in the case of those collected by myself, 

 the worms have been studied in the living condition ; and 

 in all cases by means of whole mounts and serial sections, 

 except in two, where there was only a single specimen. 

 The whole mounts have been in most cases stained with 

 hsematoxylin which I have found, on the whole, the most 

 suitable stain for these worms; and the serial sections 

 with haematoxylin (either iron or Ehrlichs) and eosin. 



In describing each new species a short diagnosis has been 

 given in every case, summarising the principal features of 

 the species; those which are regarded by me as being 



