xXx OUTLINES OF BOTANY, 
diadelphous, when so united into two clusters. The term is more 
especially applied to certain Leguminose, in which nine stamens are united 
in a tube slit open on the upper side, and a tenth, placed in the slit, is free. 
In some other plants the stamens are equally distributed in the two clusters. 
triadelphous, pentadelphous, polyadelphous, when so united into three, 
five, or many clusters. | 
syngenesious, when united by their anthers in a ring round the pistil, 
the filaments usually remaining free. 
didynamous, when (usually in a bilabiate flower) there are four sta- 
mens in two pairs, those of one pair longer than those of the other. 
tetradynamous, when (in Crucifere) there are six, four of them longer 
than the two others, 
exserted, when longer than the corolla, or even when longer than its 
tube, if the limb be very spreading. 
114. An Anther (109) is 
adnate, when continuous with the filament, the anther-cells appear- 
ing to lie their whole length along the upper part of the filament. 
innate, when firmly attached by their base to the filament. This is 
an adnate anther when rather more distinct from the filament. 
versatile, when attached by their back to the very point of the fila- 
ment, so as to swing loosely. 
115. Anther-cells may be parallel or diverging at a less or greater angle ; 
or divaricate, when placed end to end so as to form one straight line. The 
end of each anther-cell placed nearest to the other cell is generally called 
its apex or summit, and the other end its base (86); but some botanists re- 
verse the sense of these terms. 
116. Anthers have often, on their connectivum or cells, appendages 
termed bristles (setz), spurs, crests, points, glands, etc., according to their 
appearance. 
117. Anthers have occasionally only one cell: this may take place 
either by the disappearance of the partition between two closely contiguous 
cells, when these cells are said to be confluent ; or by the abortion or total 
deficiency of one of the cells, when the anther is said to be dimidiate. 
118. Anthers will open or dehisce to let out the pollen, like capsules, in 
valves, pores, or slits. Their dehiscence is zmtrorse, when the opening faces 
the pistil ; extrorse, when towards the circumference of the flower. 
119. Pollen (109) is not always in the formof dust. It is sometimes 
collected in each cell into one or two little wax-like masses. Special terms 
used in describing these masses or other modifications of the pollen will be 
explained under the Orders where they occur. 
§ 11 The Pistil. 
120. The carpels (91) of the Pistil, although they may occasionally 
assume, rather more than stamens, the appearance and colour of leaves, are 
still more different in shape and structure. They are usually sessile; if 
stalked, their stalk is called a podocarp. This stalk, upon which each sepa- 
rate carpel is supported above the receptacle, must not be confounded with 
the gynobasis (148), upon which the whole pistil is sometimes raised. 
121. Each carpel consists of three parts: 
(1) the G@vary, or enlarged base, which includes one or more cavities 
or cells, containing one or more small bodies called ovules. These are the 
earliest condition of the future seeds, 
