OUTLINES OF BOTANY. XXXV 
which is considered the smaller or of the least importance, is said to be 
adnate to the other. 
Sree, when neither coherent nor connate. : 
distinct is also used in the same sense, but is also applied to parts 
distinctly visible or distinctly limited. 
§ 138. Zhe Fruit. 
146. The Fruit (15) consists of the ovary and whatever other parts of 
the flower are persistent (i.e. persist at the time the seed is ripe), usually 
enlarged, and more or less altered in shape and consistence. It encloses or 
covers the seed or seeds till the period of maturity, when it either opens for 
the seed to eszape, or falls to the ground with the seed. When stalked, its 
stalk has been termed a carpophore. 
147. Fruits are, in elementary works, said to be simple when the result 
of a single flower, compound when they proceed from several flowers closely 
packed or combined in a head. But as a fruit resulting from a single 
flower, with several distinct carpels, is compound in the sense in which that 
term is applied to the ovary, the terms single and aggregate, proposed for 
the fruit resulting from one or several flowers, may be more appropriately 
adopted. In descriptive Botany a fruit is always supposed to result from a 
single flower unless the contrary be stated. It may, like the pistil, be syn- 
carpous or apocarpous (125); and as in many cases carpels united in the 
flower may become separate as they ripen, an apocarpous fruit may result 
from a syncarpous pistil. 
148. The involucre or bracts often persist and form part of aggregate 
fruits, but very seldom so in single ones. 
149. The receptacle becomes occasionally enlarged and succulent; if 
when ripe it falls off with the fruit, it is considered as forming part of it. 
150. The adherent part of the calyx of epigynous flowers always persists 
and forms part of the fruit; the free part of the calyx of epigynous flowers 
or the calyx of perigynous flowers, either persists entirely at the top of or 
round the fruit, or the lobes alone fall off, or the lobes fall off with what- 
ever part of the calyx is above the insertion of the petals, or the whole of 
what is free from the ovary falls off, including the disk bearing the petals. 
The calyx of hypogynous flowers usually falls off entirely or persists en- 
tirely. In general a calyx is called deciduous if any part falls off. When 
it persists it is either enlarged round or under the fruit, or it withers and 
dries up. 
151. The corolla usually falls off entirely ; when it persists, it is usually 
withered and dry (marcescent), or very seldom enlarges round the fruit. 
152. The stamens either fall off, or more or less of their filaments 
persists, usually withered and dry. 
158. The style sometimes falls off or dries up and disappears; some- 
times persists, forming a point to the fruit, or becomes enlarged into a wing 
or other appendage to the fruit. 
154. The Pericarp is the portion of the fruit formed of the ovary, and 
whatever adheres to it exclusive of and outside of the seed or seeds, exclu- 
Sive also of the persistent receptacle, or of whatever portion of the calyx 
persists round the ovary without adhering to it. 
155. Fruits have often external appendages called wings (ale), beaks, 
crests, awns, ete., according to their appearance. They are either formed 
by persistent parts of the flower more or less altered, or grow out of the 
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