q 
148 THE ROSE FAMILY. | Pyrus. ~ 
In woods, throughout Europe and Russian Asia, especially in mountain- 
ous districts and at high latitudes, where it shrinks into a stunted shrub. 
Generally distributed over Britain in a wild state, besides being much 
planted. £7. spring or early summer. The cultivated Service-tree (Pyrus 
domestica) has precisely the foliage of P. Aucuparia, of which it is believed 
by some to be a mere variety produced by cultivation. The flowers are 
rather larger and the styles often woolly, but the only real distinction is in 
the fruit, which is very much larger, assuming the form of a little pear. 
It has been inserted in British Floras on the strength of a single tree in 
the forest of Wyre, near Bewdley, which has, however, been shown to have 
been in all probability planted there. 
XV. CRATAKGUS. HAWTHORN. 
Shrubs, seldom growing into trees, mostly armed with stout thorns 
formed of abortive branches, and differing from Pyrus only in the hard bony 
consistence of the cells of the fruit. | 
The genus is, like Pyrus, spread over the temperate regions of the 
northern hemisphere, but the species are more numerous in North America 
than in Europe and Asia. Among those most frequently cultivated in our 
shrubberies and gardens are the C. pyracantha from south-eastern Europe, 
and the C. Crus-galli, and some other North American ones. The ever- 
green C. glabra, from China, now forms the genus Photinia, 
1. C. Oxyacantha, Linn. (fig. 838). Common Hawthorn, Hawthorn, 
May, Whitethorn.—A thorny shrub or small tree, glabrous or more or 
less downy on the calyxes and young foliage. Leaves stalked, narrowed at 
the base, and more or less divided upwards into 3 or 5 lobes or segments, 
which are irregularly toothed or even lobed. Flowers white or pink, 
sweet-scented, in sessile corymbs on short leafy branches. Petals broad. 
Styles 1, 2, or 8. Fruit red, globular or ovoid, crowned by the short divi- 
sions of the calyx, and containing a hard, bony, 1- or 2-celled nut, each cell 
with a single seed. 
In woods, thickets, and hedges, throughout Europe and central and 
Russian Asia, except the extreme north. Abundant in Britain, and uni- 
versally cultivated for artificial hedges. #7. spring or early summer. It 
varies much in the form of its leaves, the down of its foliage and calyx, the 
number of styles, and the colour and size of the flower and fruit. [A 
variety with more deeply cut leaves, pubescent calyx and smaller later fruits 
of one carpel, isthe C. monogyna, Jacq. | 
XVI. COTONEASTER. COTONEASTER. 
Shrubs, with leaves usually small and entire, and rather small flowers, 
either solitary on short peduncles, or 4 or 5 together in short drooping 
racemes ; the generic characters those of Crategus, except that the cells of 
the fruit form as many nuts, distinct from each other, but cohering to the 
inside of the fleshy calyx. 
The species are few, chiefly from eastern Europe or central Asia, with a 
few North American ones. 
1. C. vulgaris, Lindl. (fig. 339). Common Cotoneaster.—An irregu- 
larly growing tortuous shrub, with a dark-ruddy bark; the young shoots 
