168 THH SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. [Saxifraga. 
In wet moors, at high elevations, chiefly ia the mountain ranges of — 
eastern Europe and central and Russian Asia, and generally round the 
Arctic circle; rare in western Europe. In Britain, only in a few localities in 
northern England, middle and southern Scotland and Ireland, FJ. August. 
4, S. hypnoides, Linn. (fig. 377). Cut-leaved Saxifrage.—Perennial 
stock usually shortly creeping and rather slender, much branched, with 
numerous decumbent barren shoots, attaining, in most situations, 2 or 3 
inches, but sometimes contracted into a short, dense tuft. Leaves mostly 
entire, 2 or 3 lines long, narrow-linear and pointed, but some of the larger 
ones are often 3-lobed, or even 5-lobed, and attain half an inch; they are 
glabrous, or more or less ciliated with slender, often glandular hairs. At 
the ends of the shoots, and in the axils of the leaves, the leaf-tufts are often 
somewhat enlarged and crowded into an oblong head or bulb. Flowering 
stems 3 to 6 inches high, with very few leaves, and from 1 to 6 or 8 
rather large, white flowers. Calyx adherent to about two-thirds the length 
of the capsule ; the segments not one-third so long as the petals, and usually 
more or less pointed. 
In rather moist, rocky situations, in the mountains of western Europe, 
descending occasionally tolow, hilly districts. Not uncommon in Scotland, 
Ireland, Wales, and northern England, but very local in the southern 
counties, and only in the western of these, as in Somerset and north of it. 
Fl. summer. It is very variable in the degree of development of its stems, 
leaves and flowers, in the more or less viscid hairs, and in the leaves and 
calyx-segments more or less pointed or almost obtuse. This has given rise 
to its subdivision into numerous supposed species ; beside that some of its 
extreme varieties have been mistaken for S. geranioides, S. mascoides, and 
other Continental species not found in Britain. 
5, S. ceespitosa, Linn. (fig. 378). Tufted Saxifrage.—Very near to 
the last, but never emitting the weak, procumbent barren shoots of that 
species; the leaves broader, more obtuse, and more frequently lobed, and 
the calyx-divisions also obtuse. The short, leafy stems are crowded into 
dense tufts ; the flowering stems from 2 to 3 inches high generally covered — 
with a short glandular down, and bearing 1 or 2 white flowers, smaller 
than in S. hypnoides. 
A high northern and Arctic plant. In Britain, only on some of the 
highest Scotch, Welsh, and Irish mountains. 7. summer. High alpine 
forms of S. hypnoides have been frequently mistaken for this Sis and 
- are not indeed always easy to distinguish from it. 
6. S. granulata, Linn, (fig. 379). Meadow Scwi/rigec area 
stock reduced to a number of small bulbs, covered with whitish or brown 
hairy scales. Stems erect, 6 inches to a foot high, simple or slightly 
branched, more or less covered with short spreading hairs, which become 
glandular in the upper part of the plant. Radical and lower leaves on 
long stalks, reniform, obtusely crenate or lobed, the upper ones few and 
small, more acutely lobed or entire. Flowers white, rather large, 3 to 6 
together, in rather close terminal cymes. Calyx adherent to about the 
middle of the ovary, with rather obtuse divisions, about half the length of 
the petals. 
In meadows, pastures, and on banks, throughout temperate Europe, 
extending northward into Scandinavia, and eastward into central, but per- 
