Carum. | XXXV. UMBELLIFERA. 185 
containing but few flowers, some quite sessile, others on pedicels varying 
from 1 to 6 lines in length. Flowers small, white. Fruit 1} to 2 lines 
long, often curved by the abortion of one of the carpels. Petroselinum 
segetum, Hoftm. | 
In fields and waste places, dispersed over central Europe and western 
Asia, but apparently wanting both in the north and in the south. ‘ In 
Britain only in southern and central England. £7. summer and autumn. 
3. C. verticillatum, Koch. (fig. 410). Whorled Carum.—Perennial stock 
short and thick, covered with the decayed bases of old leafstalks, the fibrous 
roots slightly thickened, the erect annual stems 1 to 1% feet high. Leaves 
mostly radical, consisting of from 12 to 20 pairs of opposite segments, about 
2 or 8 lines long, divided to the base into a number of fine subulate lobes, so 
as to appear like whorls or clusters of segments placed at regular dis- 
tances along the common stalk, the whole leaf being 4 to 6 inches long. 
Stem-leaves similar but few and small. Umbels terminal, not large, of 8 or 
10 rays. Involucres, both general and partial, of several very small, linear 
bracts. : 
In heaths and bogs, in western Europe, from the Spanish peninsula to 
Belgium. In Britain, common in some parts of Wales and Ireland, and in 
western Scotland. #7. summer and autumn. 
4, ©. Carvi, Linn. (fig.411). Caraway Carum, Caraway.—A biennial 
forming a tap-root, and perhaps occasionally a perennial stock. Stem erect, 
branched, 12 to 2 feet high. Leaves with a rather long sheathing footstalk, 
pinnate, with several pairs of segments, which are sessile, but once or twice 
pinnate, with short linear lobes; in a leaf of 3 or 4 inches, the lowest or 
next to the lowest segments are about 3 of an inch long, the others dimi- 
nishing gradually to the top. Upper leaves smaller and less divided. 
Umbels ofabout 8 or 10 rays, either without involucres, or with 1 or 2 small 
linear bracts. Carpels (commonly called Caraway seeds) about 2 lines long, 
linear-oblong, and usually curved, with the ribs prominent. 
In meadows and moist pastures, in the greater part of Europe and Rus- 
sian and central Asia, from the Arctic regions to the Mediterranean and 
Himalaya, more rare in western Europe. Occurs in many parts of Britain ; 
if not truly indigenous, at any rate well naturalized, having been long culti- 
_ vated for its aromatic carpels. #7. spring and early summer. 
5. C. Bulbocastanum, Koch. (fig. 412). Tuberous Carum.—Re- 
sembles the Conopodium denudatum, and like that species, the stock forms 
globular underground tubers, known by the name of Harthnuts or Pignuts. 
Radical leaves (which usually disappear at the time of flowering) twice or 
three times ternate; the segments all stalked and pinnately divided into a 
small number of linear lobes, less unequal than in Conopodiwm denudatum. 
Involucres always present, consisting of a few very fine bracts. Carpels like 
those of C. Carvi, but more slender, with the ribs rather less prominent, 
although more so;than in Conopodiwm denudatum, and the face of the seed is 
flat or slightly concave, not furrowed as in the Conopodium. Vittas single, 
under each interstice. -Bunitum Bulbocastanum, Linn. 
-In dry pastures, on banks, roadsides, etc., especially in limestone dis- 
tricts, in central and southern Europe, and central Asia, scarcely extending 
into central Germany. In Britain, not generally diffused, but said to be’ 
