212 THE STELLATE TRIBE. | [ Rubia. 
Style 2-cleft at the top, with a capitate stigma to each branch. 
Fruit indehiscent, small, dry, or rarely succulent, usually sepa- 
rating into 2 seed-like carpels with one seed in each, Albumen 
horny, with a small embryo. 
The Stellate are widely diffused over the globe, especially in temperate 
regions; in the tropics they are more rare, except in mountainous regions, 
They form a considerable and very natural tribe in the great Natural 
order of Rubiacee, otherwise unrepresented in Britain or even in Europe. 
It is one of the most extensive ones within the tropics, distinguished by 
opposite leaves, interpetiolar stipules, an adherent calyx, and a monopetalous 
corolla, and includes trees and shrubs as well as herbs. Many are cultivated 
in our stoves, greenhouses, or flower-beds, including the genera Coffea, 
Gardenia, Luculia, Pentas, Manettia, Bouvardia, &c. 
Corolla with a distinct tube, as long as or longer than the lobes. 
Fruit crowned by the 4 teeth of the calyx. Gris <: in ees 
surrounded by an involucre . 3 a A . 4, SHERARDIA. 
Calyx not distinct. Flowers in panicles . ‘ : co : . 3. ASPERULA. 
Corolla rotate, the tube very short or indistinct. 
Fruit fleshy. Corolla usually 5-lobed : ; ; : . 1, Rust. 
Fruit dry. Corolla usually 4-lobed . 3 ; f a ; . 2 GALiIum. 
I. RUBIA. MADDER. 
A genus only distinguished from G'alium by the rather large succulent 
fruit. The European species have also larger leaves, of a firmer, more 
shining texture, and the flowers have often 5 instead of 4 parts, but these 
differences scarcely hold goéd in the South American species. 
The species are not numerous, and might rather be considered as form- 
ing one or two sections of Galiwm, the South American species (or genus 
Relbunium) being intermediate between the two genera as usually limited. 
1, R. peregrina, Linn. (fig. 468). Wild Madder.—A straggling herb, 
of a shining green, sometimes very dwarf, sometimes trailing over bushes and 
hedges to the length of several feet, clinging by means of short recurved 
prickles on the edges and midribs of the leaves, and sometimes on the angles 
ofthestem. Rootstock and sometimes also the base ot the stem perennial and 
creeping. Leaves 4 or 6 in the whorl, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, 1 to 1% 
inches long, on very short stalks or nearly sessile. Flowers small, greenish, 
in loose axillary or terminal panicles rather longer than the leaves. Corolla 
usually 3-lobed. Fruita small black 2-lobed berry. 
In dry woods, and stony places, in western and southern Europe, and 
eastward to the Caucasus, less frequent in northern France and Germany. 
In Britain scarcely found beyond the south-western counties of England, 
and the coast of South Wales, and Ireland. /l. all summer. 
The R&R. tinctoria, or dyers’ Madder, extensively cultivated in southern 
Europe for the scarlet dye furnished by its roots, differs but very slightly 
from R&R. peregrina, and may be a mere variety. 
II, GALIUM. GALIUM. 
Herbs, with weak, quadrangular stems, sessile leaves, in whorls of 4, 6, 
or 8, and small white, yellow, or (in exotic species) red flowers, in axillary 
or terminal trichotomous cymes or panicles, sometimes reduced to small 
