—Galium.] 3 XL, STELLATE. 215 
and numerous, in large terminal panicles. Corolla varying from 1 to 2 lines 
in diameter, each lobe bearing a little point, sometimes rather long, some- 
times scarcely prominent. . Fruit small and smooth, or slightly granulated. 
In hedges, thickets, and rich pastures, widely spread over Europe and 
western Asia, but neither an Arctic nor perhaps a Siberian species. Very 
common in England, but extends only into the southern counties of Scot- 
land, and very rare in Ireland. FU. summer. In shady situations and rich 
soils the stems are very straggling, swollen above each node, with broader 
leaves, and spreading panicles. ‘This is considered by many botanists as the 
only true G. Mollugo. In drier, more open situations, the stem is more 
erect, the leaves narrower, the panicles closer, and more oblong, and the 
points of the corolla more prominent. This form is often described as one 
or more distinct species, under the name of G. erectum, Huds., and 
G. aristatum, Sm. 
7. G. anglicum, Huds. (fig. 475). Wall Galium.—Somewhat resembles 
a very slender G. Mollugo, but the root is only annual, and the flowers and 
fruits are very much smaller. Stems about 6 inches high, the branches 
almost filiform, spreading, and rough on the edges. Panicles spreading, 
with filiform pedicels. Corolla white, very minute; the lobes less spreading 
than in most species, and not pointed. Fruits small, granulated. , 
In stony wastes, on old walls, etc., very common in the Mediterranean 
region, and eastward to the Caucasus; less abundant in central Hurope, and 
barely extending to some of the southern counties of England. Fl. summer, 
[In former editions this has been regarded as a form of G. parisiense, 
Linn., in which the fruit is covered with bristles. | 
_8. G. boreale, Linn. (fig. 476). Northern Galium.—Rootstock creep- 
ing; the stems more firm and erect, and less branched than in the other 
species, from 34 to 13 feet high, glabrous or slightly hoary. Leaves 4 in a 
whorl, lanceolate or linear, rather firm, with 3 longitudinal ribs, smooth or 
scarcely rough at the edges, and often an inch long. Flowers numerous, in 
oblong terminal panicles, white, and rather larger than in G. Mollugo, 
_ with very short, inflected points to the lobes. Fruit covered with hooked 
hairs or bristles. 
On moist rocks, and in mountain pastures, all over northern Europe and 
Russian Asia to the Arctic regions, confined to mountains in southern 
Europe and central Asia. Frequent in Scotland, northern England, North 
Wales, and Ireland. £7. summer. 
9, G. Aparine, Linn. (fig. 477). Cleavers Galium, Cleavers, Gioose- 
grass.—Although an annual, this plant often extends to several feet, 
scrambling over bushes, to which it clings by the recurved asperities or 
small prickles on the angles of the stem and on the edges and midribs of the 
leaves. Leaves 6 or 8 in a whorl, tinear or linear-lanceolate, often above an 
inch long. Peduncles opposite and axillary, rather longer than the leaves, 
bearing a loose cyme of from 3 to 8 or 10 small, greenish-white flowers, 
with 3 or 4 leaves at the base of the cyme. Pedicels 2 to 4: lines long, 
straight and slender, or but slightly recurved and thickened. Fruits usually 
covered with hooked bristles, forming small, very adhesive burrs, but some- 
times almost or entirely without them. 
In hedges and thickets, throughout Europe and northern Asia, from the 
Arctic Circle almost to the tropics, and now spread over North America. 
