Scadiosa. | XLII. DIPSACEH. , 223 
In pastures and waste places, very abundant all over central and southern 
Europe, extending eastward to the Caucasus, and northward to southern 
Scandinavia. Dispersed over a great part of England, especially near the 
east eoast, along which it extends into West Scotland, but does not occur in 
Ireland. 1. summer and autumn. 
3. S. arvensis, Linn. (fig. 494). Field Scabious.—A perennial, but of 
short duration, and often flowering the first year, more or less hairy, 
especially ‘near the base, from 1 to 2 or even 3 feet high. Leaves very 
variable ; the’ radical ones usually lanceolate and stalked; the upper ones 
broader at the base, and sessile; all coarsely toothed or slightly lobed, 
but sometimes some or all are deeply cut or pinnate. Heads of flowers 
large, of a pale lilac-purple; on long peduncles, the outer florets much 
larger and more oblique than the central ones, as in S. Columbaria, but 
all are 4-lobed. Involucre short. Receptacle with hairs only between the 
florets. Involucel very minute. Ovary and fruit angular, crowned by 
the 8 or 10 radiating teeth or short bristles of the calyx. Knautia arvensis, 
Coult. 
- In pastures, open woods, waste and cultivated places, throughout Europe 
and Russian Asia to the Arctic Circle. Abundant in Britain. 7. all 
summer. 
Careers 
_XLITI. COMPOSITA. THE COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
Herbs, or in some exotic genera or species, shrubs, with alter- 
nate or opposite leaves, without stipules. Flowers or florets 
collected several together into a head surrounded by an invo- 
lucre, the whole having the appearance of a single flower, and 
called by older authors a compound flower, with a common calyx. 
- The receptacle, or enlarged summit of the peduncle on which 
the florets are inserted within the involucre, either bears chaffy 
scales and hairs between the florets or is naked. In each floret 
the calyx is combined with the ovary, either completely so or 
only appears at its summit as a short border, or more frequently 
as a pappus: that is, a ring of long, simple or feathery 
(plumose) hairs or bristles, or of small chaffy scales. _ Corollas 
either all tubular, with a 5-toothed (or rarely 4-toothed) border, 
or all ligulate: that is to say, flat, linear or oblong, forming 
only a short tube at the base; or else both kinds are in the 
same head, the central ones tubular, forming the disk; the outer 
ones ligulate, constituting the ray. In the latter case the head 
of flowers is said to be radzate, and in contradistinction a head 
of flowers that has no ray is said to be discoid, and one which 
has no disk is said to be légulate. Stamens 5 or rarely 4, in- 
serted in the tube of the corolla; the anthers linear and united 
in a sheath round the style Ovary inferior, with a single erect 
ovule, anda filiform style divided at the top into two short 
