Doronicum. | XLII. COMPOSITE. 249 
cordate, usually narrowed or wedge-wood shaped at the base, and rather 
strongly marked with 3 or 5 ribs; the stem-leaves narrower than in D. 
Pardalianches ; and the flower-head solitary on a long terminal peduncle, 
or very rarely, when very luxuriant, the stem bears 2 or 3 heads. 
In open, sandy woods, in central and southern Europe, from the Atlan- 
tic to the eastern frontier, extending in France considerably to the north- 
ward of Paris. In Britain, like the last species, only as an escape from 
cultivation. FV. spring and early summer, Both the species vary, either 
glabrous or hairy, and with their leaves entire or irregularly toothed. 
XXII. ARCTIUM. BURDOCK. 
A single species, distinguished as a genus from Carduus by the foliage, 
by the bracts of the involucre ending in a long, stiff pcint hooked at the 
extremity, and by the short, stiff pappus. 
1, A. Lappa, Linn. (fig. 553). Common Burdock.—A stout, branch- 
ing, erect biennial, 3 to 5 feet high, the lower heart-shaped leaves very 
large, sometimes attaining 13 feet in length by a foot in breadth; the 
upper ones much smaller, and broadly ovate; all green and nearly glabrous 
above, often covered with a short, white, cottony down underneath, 
bordered by minute teeth, but not prickly. Flower-heads in terminal 
panicles. Involucres nearly globular, glabrous or covered with a loose, 
white, cottony wool, catching at anything they come in contact with by the 
hooked points of their numerous bracts. Florets purple, all equal. Authers 
with hair-like appendages at their base. Achenes large, with a short 
pappus of stiff hairs. 
In waste places, on roadsides, etc., over all Europe and Russian Asia, 
except the extreme north, and naturalized in other parts of the globe. 
Common in Britain. /l.swmmer. It varies much in the size of the flower- 
heads (from 3 to 14 inches diameter), in the breadth of the involucral 
bracts, in the abundance or deficiency of the cottony wool, in the length of 
the peduncles ; and five distinct species have been described, but it has 
always appeared to me very difficult to ascribe any certain limits, even to 
the three more generally recognized varieties 4. majus, A. minus, and 
A. tomentosum. {The most conspicuous forms are :— 
a. A, majus, Schkuhr., with hollow petioles, green hemispherical heads, 
and the corolla tube larger than the limb.—A. tomentosum is a variety of it 
with more spherical webbed heads. 
b. A. minus, Schkuhr., with more ovoid heads, purplish inner bracts, and 
the corolla tube equalling the limb; it varies in the breadth of the leaves, 
the colour of the bracts, and glabrous or cottony heads. ] 
XXII SERRATULA. SAWWORT. 
Herbs, not prickly, but with the general habit and style of Cynaroidee. 
Involucres ovoid or oblong, the bracts imbricated and pointed, but not 
prickly. Receptacle with chaffy bristles between the florets. Pappus of 
numerous simple unequal hairs, longer than the achenes. Anthers without 
appendages. 
Although much reduced by the modern splitting of genera, Serratula 
still includes several south European and Asiatic species. 
