972 THE COMPOSITE FAMILY. [Arnoseris. 
nearly so. Flower-stalks 4 to 8 inches high, slightly branched and leafless ; 
the erect branches or peduncles enlarged and hollow upwards, each bearing 
a small head of yellow flowers. 
In dry, sandy or gravelly fields, in northern and central Europe, but not 
an Arctic plant, and apparently rare inthesouth. Dispersed locally over the 
eastern counties of England and Scotland, but not recorded from Ireland. 
El, summer, 
oo» XLT LAPSANA. LAPSANE. 
Leafy annual, with small yellow flower-heads, Achenes without any 
pappus or border whatever. 
A genus of few species spread over the northern hemisphere. 
1. &. communis, Linn. (fig. 609). Common Lapsane, Nipplewort.— 
Stem 1 to 2 or 8 feet high, with a few stiff hairs at the base, branched and 
glabrous upwards. Leaves thin and usually hairy ; the lower ones ovate, 
coarsely toothed, with a few smaller lobes along the stalks; the upper ones 
small, narrow, and entire. Flower-heads on slender peduncles, in a loose 
panicle or corymb. Involucre about 3 lines long, of about 8 nearly equal 
scales of a glaucous green, with a few very small outer ones. Achenes 
slightly compressed, with numerous longitudinal nerves. | 
A common weed in waste and cultivated places, throughout Europe 
and Russian Asia, except the extreme north. Extends over the whole 
of Britain, except the northern extremity of Scotland. £7. summer and 
autumn. 
XLIV. CAMPANULACER. CAMPANULA FAMILY. 
Herbs, with alternate, entire or toothed leaves, without — 
stipules; the flowers most commonly blue or white, either 
distinct, or collected into heads with a general involucre. 
Calyx adhering to the ovary, with a free border of 5 teeth or 
lobes, sometimes very narrow and almost reduced to bristles. 
Corolla inserted within the lobes of the calyx, regular or irre- 
cular, with 5 teeth or lobes. Stamens 5, inserted within the 
corolla at its base, but otherwise free from it. Anthers dis- 
tinct, or rarely cohering in a ring round the style. Style 
single, with an entire or divided stigma. Ovary and capsule 
inferior, divided into from 2 to 5 cells, with several seeds in 
each (or, in a very few exotic species, reduced to one seed). 
A rather large family, widely spread over the temperate regions of both 
hemispheres, especially the northern one, and crossing the tropics chiefly in — 
mountainous districts. The insertion of the stamens within the base of the 
corolla, and not upon its tube, is peculiar, among British Monopetals, to 
this Order and to Hricacee ; and trom the latter, Campanulace are easily 
known by their herbaceous stems, and the number of stamens always equal 
to, never double, that of the lobes of the corolla. 
