Humulus. | | LXXI, URTIOACEZ. — 401 
flowering the scales of the spike (often called a cone) become much enlarged, 
quite concealing the seed-like fruits. 
In hedges, thickets, and open woods, all over Europe and central and 
Russian Asia, except the extreme north. Hxtends over most of England, 
and is naturalized in Ireland and Scotland, having long been in general 
cultivation. FU. summer. , 
LXXII. ULMACEA, THE ELM FAMILY. 
Trees. or shrubs, differmg from Urticacece in their flowers 
mostly hermaphrodite, and the ovary generally 2-celled although 
the fruit has but one seed. 
Besides Ulmus there are but very few genera, either tropical or from the 
warmer parts of the northern hemisphere. 
. I. ULMUS. ELM. 
Trees, with alternate, deciduous leaves, and ‘small flowers in clusters, 
appearing before the leaves on the preceding year’s wood. Perianth cam- 
panulate, with 4 to 6 short lobes or teeth, and as many stamens. Ovary 
flat, with 2 short, diverging styles, and divided into 2 cells, each with a 
single pendulous ovule. Fruit flat, thin, and leaf-like, slightly thickened 
in the centre, where it contains one pendulous seed. 
A small genus, spread over the temperate regions of the northern hemti- 
sphere. 
Fruit slightly notched at the top, the seed-bearing cavity placed 
considerably below the notch . . ; é 6 5 
Fruit aeeuly notched, the notch almost reaching the seed-bearing 
eure UE ce ee a ae 
1. U. montana, 
2. U. campestris. 
1, U.montana, Sm. (fig. 906). Scotch or Wych Him.—A tree of 
considerable size and picturesque form; the large branches spreading 
from near the base unless when drawn up in its youth. Leaves nearly 
sessile, broadly ovate, bordered with double teeth, and very unequal or 
oblique at the base, usually rough on the upper side and downy under- 
neath. Flowers reddish, in dense clusters, surrounded by brownish bracts, 
which soon fall off; the pedicels scarcely as long as the perianth. Fruits 
green and leaf-like, broadly ovate or orbicular, 6 to 9 lines long, with a 
small notch at the top; the seed suspended in a small cavity near the centre 
of the fruit. 
Chiefly in hilly districts, in northern and western Europe and Asia. In 
Britain, it ‘is the common wild Him of Scotland, Ireland, and northern 
and western England; it is rare in south-eastern England, where a 
variety of U. campestris is often called wych Hlm. Fl. early spring, before 
the leaves. 
2, U. campestris, Sm. (fig. 907). Common Hlm.—Very near U. 
montana, and many botanists consider the two races as forming but one 
species. The U. campestris appears however to be generally, if not 
constantly, distinguished by the fruit, which is deeply notched, the top of 
the seed-bearing cavity almost reaching the notch. It is usually alsoa 
taller and straighter-growing tree, attaining in rich soils above a hundred 
Dd 
