Populus. | LXXIII. AMENTACEZ. 415 
In moist places, the borders of streams, etc., in central and southern 
Europe, and temperate Russian Asia. In northern Europe it has been 
much planted, and is now common in Scandinavia as well as in Britain, 
but it is not indigenous in England. 2. early spring. The Lombardy 
Poplar is a cultivated variety (P. fastigiata), of Kastern origin. 
LXXIV. CONIFERA., THE PINH FAMILY. 
Treeg or shrubs, mostly with resinous juice. Leaves stiff, 
and in the European genera always entire, either subulate or 
linear, or short and scale-like. Flowers moncecious or dicecious, 
in cylindrical or short catkins, with closely-packed scales, or 
the females rarely solitary. Stamens inserted either on the 
axis of the catkin within the scales, or the anther-cells sessile 
on the inside of the scales themselves, which then form a part 
of the stamens. Ovules and seeds naked, that is, without 
ovary, style, or pericarp, either inserted within the catkin- 
scales, or solitary and quite exposed. 
An extensive Order, spread over the whole globe, although within the 
tropics chiefly confined to mountainous districts. In the northern hemi- 
sphere Conifers often form vast forests, and include the loftiest- trees 
known. ‘Three species only are indigenous to Britain, but a large number 
of exotic ones are generally planted, and some to such an extent as now to 
cover large tracts of country. The very peculiar structure of the flowers 
and seeds of this and the adjoining small tropical family of Cycadee, has 
induced many botanists to consider them as a separate class, distinct both 
from Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. 
Male catkins cylindrical, with 2 anther-cells to each scale. Fruit 
a dry cone, with 2 winged seeds within each scale _. 5 Plea ed eat as ots 
Male catkins small, with 4 anther-cells to each scale. Fruit small 
ard succulent, containing 2 or 3 hard seeds . . 2. JUNIPERUS. 
' Male catkins small, with 3 to 8 anther-cells to ‘each of the upper 
scales. Fruit a single seed, half-immersed ina succulent cup. 3. Taxus. 
The most commonly planted Conzfere, not belonging to the above genera, 
are species of Cypress, resembling Junipers in foliage and male flowers, 
but the fruit is larger and woody, with few or many small seeds; or of 
Thuia, very near Cypress, but with flattened branches, and small, ovate, dry 
cones, with few seeds; or of Zaxodium, with deciduous leaves, and a small 
cone near that of Cypress ; besides the Sequozas (including the Wellingtonia) 
of California, Cryptomeria from Japan, and several others of recent 
introduction now becoming common in our plantations, 
I. PINUS. PINE. 
Trees, with linear or subulate leaves. Male catkins closely imbricated, 
with 2 adnate anther-cells on the inside of each scale (at least apparently 
so, for in fact the scale is the connectivum of the anther, and the whole 
catkin thus consists of nothing but closely imbricated anthers). Female 
catkins short, consisting of closely imbricated scales, with 2 ovules on the 
inside of each; the foramen, or open pore at the top of the ovule, turned 
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