#4 4 
416 THE PINE FAMILY, [ Pinus, 
downwards. Fruit a cone, consisting of more or less hardened, imbricated 
scales, each one covering 2 winged seeds. 
A large genus, constituting the great mass of the “Conifere of the 
northern hemisphere, scarcely penetrating into the tropics, and unknown ~ 
in the southern hemisphere. 
1, P. sylvestris, Linn. (fig. 934). Scotch Pine, Common Pine, Nor- 
way or Riga Pine or Fir, Scotch Fir.—A tree of considerable size; the 
main trunk simple or forked, with a reddish bark, and a rather dense head, 
but less so than in many other species. Leaves stiffly subulate, evergreen, 
seldom above 2 inches long, in pairs, surrounded by short, scarious scales. 
Cones sessile, ovoid, conical, recurved when young; the scales hard and — 
woody, much thickened upwards, with a short, thick point, often turned 
backwards in the lower scales of one side of the cone, but generally disap- 
pearing as the cone ripens. Seeds with an obliquely lanceolate, obtuse 
wing, 2 or 3 times as long as the seed itself. 
Widely distributed over northern and central Europe and Russian Asia, 
chiefly in granitic or sandy soils, and in the mountains of southern Kurope 
and the Caucasus. Indigenous in the Scotch Highlands, and formerly in 
Ireland; planted all over Britain, and quite naturalized. FJ. spring. 
The cultivated species of this genus are very numerous, belonging to 
four principal sections, considered by some as genera, viz.:—l. The true 
Pines, with subulate evergreen leaves, in clusters of 2, 3, or 5, and hard 
cones with persistent scales, including, besides the Scotch P., the Pinaster 
or maritime P., the Weymouth P., the Roman P., etc. 2. The Spruces 
(Picea), with shorter, flattened or angular leaves, arranged singly and often 
in two opposite ranks, and with thin persistent scales to the pendulous 
cones, including the common or Norway Spruce, now almost naturalized 
in Britain, the Hemlock Spruce, and the Douglas Fir, etc. 3. The silver 
- Firs (Abies), with flattened leaves and large erect cones with deciduous 
scales, as the stlver Fir. 4, The Larch (Larix), with short, fine, deciduous 
leaves, in dense clusters, and small cones with thin persistent scales; and 
5. The Cedar of Lebanon, and Deodara (Cedrus), with short, evergreen, 
subulate leaves, clustered as in Lasix, and large, hard, closely packed cones 
with deciduous scales. 
II. JUNIPERUS. JUNIPER. 
Shrubs or small trees, with evergreen leaves, either small and scale-like, 
or spreading, stiff, and pointed, or both kinds on the same shrub. Flowers - 
usually dicecious, in minute axillary catkins ; the males consisting of broad, 
shield-shaped scales, with 3 to 6 anther-cells attached to their lower edge ; 
the females with imbricated, empty scales at the base, and 3 to 6 fleshy 
ones at the top, coalescing into one, and enclosing as many ovules, with 
their foramen or open pore turned upwards. Fruit a small berry, formed 
by the succulent scales, enclosing 1 or 2 hard seeds. 
A numerous genus, as widely spread as the Panes, 
1. J.communis, Linn. (fig. 935). Common Juniper.—A much 
branched, evergreen shrub, sometimes procumbent, sometimes ascending 
or erect, 2, 3, or even 4 feet high. Leaves in whorls of 3, linear, spreading, 
ending in a prickly point, not above 6 lines long, of a bright green under- 
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