Carex. | LXXXVIII. CYPERACER. 3 493 
C. divulsa, Gooden., appears to be a mere variety of this species growing 
in less open situations, with longer stems and leaves, and paler, more 
distant spikelets, forming an interrupted spike of 2 or 3 inches; the lowest 
spikelet occasionally compound, with a rather long, leafy outer bract. It 
is then distinguished from C. elongata, by the shorter nearly globular 
spikelets, without any male flowers at the base, and the fruits much less 
flattened. 
15. ©. arenaria, Linn. (fig. 1122). Sand Carex.—Rootstock creeping 
often to the length of many feet, emitting small tufts or single stems from 
a few inches to 1 or 14 feet in height and leafy at the base. Spikelets 
rather large, ovoid, all simple and sessile, crowded 8 or 10 together in a 
terminal spike of 1 to 2 inches, or 1 or 2 lower ones occasionally more 
distant. Outer bracts all glume-like, or the lowest with leafy points. 
Male flowers often numerous in the upper, and especially in the intermediate 
spikes, very few at the top of the lowest. Fruits much flattened, tapering 
into a beak, and winged as in C. leporina, from which this species differs in 
the creeping rootstock and in the male flowers at the top, not at the base 
of the spikelets. 
In maritime sands, on the coasts of Europe and northern Asia. 
Abundant all round Britain. 7. all summer. 
C. intermedia, Gooden. (C. disticha, Huds.), appears to be merely an 
inland variety, not uncommon in marshy ground and. wet meadows, in 
Kurope and Russian Asia, and North America, and occurring in various 
parts of England, Ireland, and southern Scotland. It is usually taller and 
more slender and leafy, and the fruits are generally, but not always, 
longer and less distinctly winged. 
| C. ligerica, Gay, is a more slender form with female spikelets at the 
top, found in the Scilly Islands. ] 
16. ©. divisa, Huds. (fig.1123). Divided Carex.—Rootstock creeping, 
hard, and almost woody; the stems usually short, but always more slender 
than in C. arenaria. Spikelets few and short, crowded into an ovoid or 
oblong spike or head, seldom above half an inch long, all, especially the 
upper ones, with several male flowers at the top. Styles 2-cleft. Fruits 
scarcely flattened, not winged, varying much in the length of their beak. 
Chiefly a seacoast plant, but found occasionally inland, in marshes and 
swamps, in southern Europe, extending eastward to the Caucasus and 
Himalaya, and up the western coasts to the English Channel. In Britain 
frequent on some of the coasts of England, but not extending to the north, 
and only near Dublin in Ireland. 7. early swmmer. 
17, ©. ineurva, Lightf. (fig. 1124). Curved Carex.—Rootstock 
creeping ; the stems not above 2 or 3 inches high, often curved as well as 
the rush-like leaves, which are usually about the same length. Spikelets 
3 or 4, closely packed into a broadly ovoid, brown head, each with a few 
male flowers at the top. Styles 2-cleft. Fruits broad, rather inflated, 
tapering into a short beak projecting beyond the glumes. 
A northern, chiefly Arctic species, in Europe, northern and central 
Asia, and North America, and perhaps also in the Alps of central Europe 
and Asia, but there generally replaced by a closely allied species with a 
3-cleft style. In Britain, only on the sandy sea-shores from Holy isle to 
Shetland, but rare. FV, summer. 
18. C. saxatilis, Linn. (fig. 1125). Russet Carev.—Rootstock creep- 
