é CRYPTOGAMS. 545 
HeEpPatice. Stem and leaves sometimes like those of Mosses, sometimes 
reduced to flat, leaf-like expansions. Spores contained in little spore-cases, 
either stalked, as in the Mosses, but opening in valves, or immersed in the 
substance of the frond. 
LicHEns. Plants consisting of a variously-shaped flat, or shortly erect 
expansion called the thallus, not usually green, sometimes so thin as not 
to be distinguished but by colour from the stones or bark they grow on, 
Fructification in little shield-like or wart-like bodies on the surface of the- 
thallus. 
Funer. Plants of infinite variety of shape and colour, but not green, 
usually growing on decaying organized substances, often themselves micro- 
scopic, and their fructification always so. They include Mushrooms, 
Moulds, Mildews, Dryrot, etc. 
Ate. Aquatic plants, entirely submerged, variously coloured; the 
fructification usually embedded in the substance of the frond, and almost 
always microscopic. They include the Seaweeds, the freshwater Con- 
fervas, and very many most minute unicellular usually green water- 
plants. 
XC. LYCOPODIACEZ. THE CLUBMOSS FAMILY. 
Stem or rootstock bearing leaves, either linear, or small and 
l-nerved, or reduced to minute scales. Spore-cases solitary, 
sessile in the axils of the leaves or of the bracts of a terminal 
spike, two-valved. Spores all similar. 
I. LYCOPODIUM. CLUBMOSS. 
Perennials, with a branched, usually creeping stem, crowded with small, 
moss-like, entire or minutely serrated leaves. Spore-cases sessile in the 
axils of the upper stem-leaves, or of bracts usually smaller or thinner and 
_ broader than the stem-leaves, forming an erect, cylindrical terminal spike, 
each spore-case opening by a transverse slit in 2 valves, and either all filled 
with minute powdery granules, or some containing larger grains. 
A large genus, widely spread over every part of the globe. 
‘Spore-cases in the axils of the re. Stems tufted, scarcely 
creeping. : . : . : : . 4, DL, Selago. 
Spore-cases in terminal spikes. Stems creeping or prostrate. 
Creeping stems long and hard. Fruiting branches forked or 
clustered. 
Leaves about 1 line long, closely imbricated in 4rows . . 3. DL. alpinum. 
Leaves 2 or 3 lines long, spreading, with fine points. 
Spikes pedunculate, usually 2 or 3 together . : : . 1. DL. clavatum. 
Spikes solitary and sessile above the last stem-leaves . . 2. L. annotinum. 
Creeping or prostrate stems, slender, 1 to 3 inches ee Fruit- 
ing branches simple. é 5. TL. inundatum. 
1, ZL. clavatum, Linn. (fig. 1255). ‘Cannes Chewos .—Stems hard, 
creeping, 1 to 2 feet long, with ascending forked branches, 1 to 2 inches 
long, all completely covered with the crowded, moss-like, but rather stiff 
leaves, which are linear, 2 to 3 lines long, including their fine, hair-like 
points; those on the creeping stem all turned upwards; those on the 
branches imbricated all round. Spikes 1 to 14 inches long, scattering 
their yellow dust in great profusicn, 2 or sometimes 3 together, on a 
peduncle at least as long, bearing small, narrow, yellowish leaves or scales, 
about half as large as the stem-leaves, 
Nn 
