PARASITES AND PARASITIC DISEASES OF HORSES 25 
floor, and supplying clean water. The disposal of stable manure is an 
important preventive measure, as is shown elsewhere in this circular. 
Little can be accomplished in the way of pasture sanitation except on 
farms where thoroughbred or other valuable horses are raised. On 
these farms the removal of manure deposits from pastures may be 
practiced, as this procedure will remove almost all the parasite mate- 
rial before it can develop and spread. Such a procedure is necessarily 
troublesome and expensive and can be undertaken only by breeders to 
whom the question of expense is of secondary importance. The 
average breeder will have to resort to simpler and less radical 
measures, such as avoiding the overstocking of pastures, frequent 
rotation of pastures, and special attention to foals. Where over- 
stocking and the use of wet pastures are unavoidable, and rotation 
is impossible, reliance must 
be placed on treatment as 
often as necessary for 
control. 
Horse breeders, and even 
the general farmer, should 
pay considerable attention to 
the sanitation of paddocks in 
which the newly born foals 
are kept. The foals should 
be kept there for several 
weeks before they are put on 
pasture. The removal of 
manure from the paddocks, 
at least once a week, will 
cut down the supply of eggs 
and larve to which the 
foals would otherwise be ex- 
posed. This precaution will 
help to tide the foals over the FicurE 18.—Small strongyles of the horse. 
ate 2 = The larger forms are Poteriostomum species 
most critical period of their and the smaller ones are cylicostomes. 
: Natural size 
lives. 
Young animals of all sorts are special cases and require special 
care. In the last analysis the saving of young livestock involves the 
same precautions which are used in connection with the prevention of 
sickness in children. Above everything else, a wholesome food 
supply and clean surroundings are the best safeguards against disease. 
Special precautions to prevent foals from becoming parasitized are 
essential parts of sound management in horse-breeding establishments 
and on the average farm. 
THE SMALL STRONGYLES 
In addition to the blood strongyles or palisade worms, horses are 
commonly infested with numerous closely related species of stron- 
glyes, which are much smaller in most cases than blood strongyles, 
though some are almost as large. (Fig. 18.) These worms occur 
in the colon and cecum and some of them produce visible injuries. 
One species, 7’iodontophorus tenuicollis, produces rather severe 
ulcers in the wall of the colon (Fig. 19), probably by means of the 
sharp teeth in their mouth cups. Some of the smaller horse stron- 
gyles, the many species known as cylicostomes, species of Trichonema 
f53219°= 33-4 
