TOBACCO SHRINKAGE AND LOSSES IN WEIGHT 23 



the ends, is covered with heavy paper. The tobacco is packed length- 

 wise in the case with the butts of the hands outward toward the end 

 and the tails slightly lapping in the center. It is packed several 

 inches above the top of the case ; then a frame is placed on it and it is 

 put under a casing press and the tobacco is pressed down until the lid 

 or top of the case can be nailed on. Each case is marked with the 

 net weight and gross weight. The cases are then stored in rows 5 to 

 20 cases high in warehouses especially built for tobacco storage and 

 sweating. Some of these warehouses have heating equipment and 

 the sweating is speeded up through the application of artificial heat. 

 Tobacco of the regular cigar-filler grades of Pennsylvania Seedleaf — 

 called wrappers by the growers — are usually stemmed just before the 

 time they enter into the manufacturing process. Tobacco of the 

 lower grades — called fillers by the growers — is often stemmed months 

 in advance of use in manufactured products. The scrap chewing 

 manufacturers as a rule place the strips, or stemmed tobacco, in a 

 bulk and put it through an additional sweating process. The manu- 

 facturers of prepared short fillers, or "grinders" as they are known in 

 the trade, use a considerable quantity of the stemming grades or X 

 group tobacco. This is put through stemming machines, is dried, 

 stored in bins, and sold to manufacturers of short-filler cigars. The 

 average stemming loss on all grades of Pennsylvania Seedleaf is about 

 28 percent. The stemming loss ranges from about 26 to 30 percent. 



OHIO, TYPES 42-44 



Three types of cigar-filler tobacco are produced in the southwestern 

 section of Ohio, mostly in Darke, Preble, Butler, Miami, Montgomery, 

 and Warren Counties. Type 42 is known as Gebhardt; type 43, as 

 Zimmer or Zimmer Spanish; and type 44, as Dutch or Little Dutch. 



In recent years the annual production of the three types has aver- 

 aged about 24,000,000 pounds. No official estimates are made of the 

 production of each type separately, but on the basis of average stocks 

 held by dealers and manufacturers on July 1 of each year since 1929, 

 the production averages about 37 percent of Gebhardt, 47 percent of 

 Zimmer, and 16 percent of Dutch. 



The general harvesting, curing, marketing, and handling methods 

 are so similar that in considering losses in weight the three types may 

 be discussed under one heading. These tobaccos are stalk-cut, air- 

 cured, and marketed under the country-sales system. The buying is 

 done in the fall of the year and deliveries are usually made from Jan- 

 uary to April. Sometimes the movement of the crop from growers' 

 hands into buyers' hands is much later and extends into the second 

 quarter of the year. 



Most of the buyers and packers are located in Dayton, but some 

 are located in small towns throughout the producing district, and some 

 of the Dayton buyers have packing houses at outlying points. The 

 growers sort their crop into two major grades locally known as 

 wrappers and fillers. The so-called wrappers are the actual cigar- 

 filler grades. The so-called filler grades are suitable for use in scrap 

 chewing tobacco and are sometimes stemmed and shredded for use 

 as short fillers in low-priced cigars. The growers deliver these tobaccos, 

 packed in cases, to the buyers who usually repack and resort, separa- 

 ting badly broken, inferior, and damaged leaves. Some buyers 

 practice bulk-sweating; others case-sweat only. Gebhardt and Zim- 



